计算机网络osi七层模型_OSI模型中数据链路层的功能| 计算机网络

计算机网络osi七层模型

什么是数据链路层？ (What is Data Link Layer?)

The Data Link layer transforms a raw transmission facility into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors to the network layer and is responsible for node-to-node delivery. It makes error-free the physical layer appear to the upper layer (network layer).

数据链路层将原始传输工具转换为一条线路，该线路看上去没有出现未检测到的传输错误，并传输到网络层，并负责节点到节点的传递。 它使物理层出现在上层(网络层)，而不会出错。

• Data Link Layer is the second layer of OSI Layered Model after Physical Layer.

  数据链路层是OSI分层模型的第二层，仅次于物理层。

• When a packet or message reaches to a network, it is the responsibility of Data Link Layer to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address.

  当数据包或消息到达网络时， 数据链路层负责使用其MAC地址将其传输到主机。

• Data Link Layer devices are Switch & Bridges.

  数据链路层设备是交换机和桥接器。

数据链路层的子层 (Sublayers of Data Link Layer)

Data Link Layer has two sublayers,

数据链路层有两个子层，

1. Logical Link Control (LLC):

   逻辑链接控制(LLC) ：

   This is the uppermost sub-layer, LLC consists of protocols running at the top of the

   这是最上层的子层，LLC由运行在顶部的协议组成。

   data link layer, and also provides flow control, acknowledgment, and error notification. The LLC provides addressing and data link control. It specifies which methods are to be used for addressing channels over the transmission medium and for controlling the data exchanged between the generator of packet and recipient of the message.

   数据链路层 ，还提供流控制，确认和错误通知。 LLC提供寻址和数据链接控制。 它指定了哪些方法将用于寻址传输介质上的信道以及控制包的生成器和消息的接收者之间交换的数据。

2. Media Access Control (MAC):

   媒体访问控制(MAC) ：

   Who can access the media at any one time, determines by the MAC sublayer(e.g. CSMA/CD).

   谁可以随时访问媒体，由MAC子层(例如CSMA / CD)确定。

The packet obtains from the Network layer is further divided into frames depending on the frame size of NIC(Network Interface Card). DLL also encases Sender's and Receiver's MAC address in the header.

从网络层获得的数据包根据NIC(网络接口卡)的帧大小进一步分为几帧。 DLL还在标头中包含发件人和收件人的MAC地址。

An ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) request is placed onto the wire asking "Who has that IP address?" and after getting this message destination host replies with its MAC address. By this, the receiver's MAC address is obtained.

一条ARP(地址解析协议)请求被放置到网络上，询问“谁拥有该IP地址？” 在收到此消息后，目标主机将使用其MAC地址进行回复。 这样，获得了接收者的MAC地址。

数据链路层的设计问题 (Design Issues with Data Link Layer)

• The issue that arises in the data link layer (and most of the higher layers as well) is the speed mismatch between sender and receiver.

  数据链路层 (以及大多数较高层)中出现的问题是发送方和接收方之间的速度不匹配。

• Some traffic regulation mechanism is often needed to know the exact available free space, the receiver has at the moment. Frequently, the flow regulation and error handling are combined in this layer.

  通常需要某种流量调节机制来了解接收器当前拥有的确切可用空间。 通常，流量调节和错误处理在此层结合在一起。

• Here is an additional issue in the data link layer with broadcast networks that is how to control access to the shared channel. The Medium Access Control (MAC), the sub-layer of the data link layer deals with this problem.

  这是广播网络的数据链路层中的另一个问题，即如何控制对共享频道的访问。 媒体访问控制(MAC)， 数据链路层的子层处理此问题。

数据链路层的功能 (Functions of Data Link Layer)

Specific functions of the data link layer include the following,

数据链路层的特定功能包括：

Framing: The data link layer receives the stream of bits from the network layer divides into manageable data units called frames.

成帧 ： 数据链路层从网络层接收比特流，并分成称为帧的可管理数据单元。

Physical addressing: If frames are to be distributed to different stations on the network. To define the physical address of the sender (source address) and/or receiver (destination address) of the frame, the DLL adds a header to the frame.

物理寻址 ：如果要将帧分发到网络上的不同站点。 为了定义帧的发送者(源地址)和/或接收者(目的地地址)的物理地址，DLL将标头添加到帧中。

If the frame is to be sent for a system outside the sender's network. The receiver's address means the address of the device that connects one network to the another.

如果要为发件人网络之外的系统发送帧。 接收者的地址是指将一个网络连接到另一个网络的设备的地址。

This figure shows the relationship of the Data link layer to the network and physical layers.

该图显示了数据链路层与网络和物理层的关系。

Data Link Layer

数据链路层

Flow control: If the rate at which the data are consumed by the receiver is less than the rate produced by the sender, the data link layer deals with a flow control mechanism to prevent overrun the receiver.

流控制 ：如果接收方消耗数据的速率小于发送方产生的速率，则数据链路层将使用流控制机制来防止接收方超限。

Error control: The data link layer also deals with damaged or lost frames. By adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit lost frames increases reliability.

错误控制 ：数据链路层还处理损坏或丢失的帧。 通过添加检测和重传丢失帧的机制，可以提高可靠性。

A trailer added to the end of the frame to achieve error control.

在框架的末尾添加了预告片以实现错误控制。

Access control: When more than two or two devices are connected to the common link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which device has control over the link at any point of time.

访问控制 ：当多于两个或两个设备连接到公共链路时，必须使用数据链路层协议来确定哪个设备在任何时间点都可以控制该链路。

Example: In this figure, a node with physical address 23 sends a frame to a node with physical address 92. The two nodes connected by a link level. At the link level this frame contains physical (link) addresses in the header.

示例 ：在此图中，物理地址为23的节点将帧发送到物理地址为92的节点。这两个节点通过链接级别连接。 在链接级别，此帧在标头中包含物理(链接)地址。

These are the only addresses needed. The remaining header contains other information that is required at this level. The extra bits needed for error detection contains by the trailer.

这些是唯一需要的地址。 剩余的标头包含此级别所需的其他信息。 预告片包含错误检测所需的额外位。

翻译自: https://www.includehelp.com/computer-networks/functions-of-data-link-layer-in-the-osi-model.aspx

计算机网络osi七层模型