des加密密码补位_密码学中的数据加密标准（DES）

des加密密码补位

This is a Data Encryption Standard that is the asymmetric key generation for the encryption of digital data in cryptography. Therefore, its short key length of 56 bits of character criticized from the beginning or starting makes it too insecure or safe for most current applications to use, it has been highly influential in the advancement of modern cryptography in the cryptoanalysis.

这是一种数据加密标准 ，它是用于加密中数字数据加密的非对称密钥生成。 因此，从一开始或一开始就批评它的56位字符的短密钥长度使其对于大多数当前应用程序来说太不安全或太安全了，它在密码分析的现代密码学发展中具有很大的影响力。

It was developed in the early 1970s at IBM and depends on an earlier design by Horst Feistel, the algorithm was submitted to the-National Bureau of Standards (NBS) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data in the cryptography. It will be developed in 1976, cryptography after consultation with the National Security Agency(NSA), the NBS eventually selected a slightly modified version in the cryptography as strengthened against differential cryptoanalysis, but weakened against brute force attack, which was described as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1977 in the whole world.

它是在1970年代初期由IBM开发的，并依赖于Horst Feistel的较早设计，该算法是在该机构邀请提出保护敏感的，未分类的电子政府的候选人之后，提交给国家标准局(NBS)的。加密中的数据。 它是在与国家安全局(NSA)协商后于1976年开发的密码学，国家统计局最终在密码学中选择了一个经过稍微修改的版本，以增强对差分密码分析的抵抗力，但对暴力破解的抵抗力却减弱了，这被描述为官方的联邦1977年，美国在全球范围内采用了信息处理标准(FIPS)。

加密过程 (Encryption Process)

It is a DES which is a block cipher, and encrypts data in blocks of size of 64 bit each of the messages, means 64 bits of plain text or original text goes as the input into the DES, which produces 64 bits of the character of ciphertext. A similar algorithm and key are used for encryption and decryption with minor differences between them. Here, the key length is 56 bits longs uses in cryptography in cryptoanalysis.

它是一种DES ，是一种分组密码，它以每个消息64位大小的块对数据进行加密，这意味着64位纯文本或原始文本将作为DES的输入，产生64位的字符。密文。 类似的算法和密钥用于加密和解密，它们之间的差别很小。 在此，密钥长度为56位长，用于密码分析中的密码学。

Here, DES is depended upon the Feistel Cipher, all that is required to specify DES in that way as,

此处，DES依赖于Feistel密码 ，以这种方式指定DES所需的全部条件如下：

• Key Generation

  密钥生成

• Round function

  圆形功能

• Any additional processing − Initial and final permutation

  任何其他处理-初始和最终置换

密钥生成 (Key Generation)

The round-key generator forms sixteen 48-bit keys out of a 56-bit cipher key in the cryptography. The process of key generation is depicted in the following steps,

圆形密钥生成器在密码学中的56位密码密钥中形成16个48位密钥。 以下步骤描述了密钥生成的过程：

• Initially key is of 64 bits.

  最初，密钥为64位。

• Then it goes under PI(1) and after that, it develops key of 56 bits

  然后进入PI(1)，此后，开发出56位的密钥

• Then 56 bit of key divide into two half: left of 28 bit and right of 28 bit.

  然后将56位密钥分成两半：28位的左侧和28位的右侧。

• In both half do the circular left shift according to the round with we perform.

  在两半中，根据我们执行的回合，圆形左移。

• As we perform 1,2,9,16 we do circular left shift by one bit and remaining round circular left shift by 2 bit.

  当我们执行1,2,9,16时，我们将循环左移一位，而将剩余的循环左移2位。

• After that combine the left and right half and form again 56 bit of key.

  之后，将左右一半结合起来再形成56位键。

• Then again 56 bit of key goes under PI(2) as form a key of 48 bit.

  然后再将56位密钥作为48位密钥进入PI(2)。

• This key is used in the DES block diagram.

  该密钥在DES框图中使用。

舍入函数 (Round Function)

The main or important or we can say that the heart of this cipher is the DES function, (f). This DES function applies 48-bit key cryptography to the rightmost 32 bits to produce a 32-bit output as a right.

主要的或重要的，或者我们可以说此密码的核心是DES函数( f) 。 此DES函数将48位密钥加密应用于最右边的32位，以产生32位的输出作为右边。

This function follows some steps,

此功能遵循一些步骤，

• Expansion Permutation box

  扩展排列框

• Xor with the key of 48 bit.

  使用48位密钥进行异或。

• Substitution Box

  替代箱

• Permutation box.

  排列框。

• Expansion Permutation Box

  扩展排列框

  Here, right half input is 32-bit and the round key is a 48-bit, we first need to expand right half input to 48 bits.

  在这里，右半边输入是32位，而回合键是48位，我们首先需要将右半边输入扩展为48位。

  So, we have to expand the character as we take the 4 bit of 8 characters. In this, we simply convert the 4 bit of each character into 6 bit.

  因此，我们必须扩展字符，因为我们采用8位字符的4位。 在此，我们只需将每个字符的4位转换为6位。

  So, we have to expand the 4 bit as in the starting put the bit which presents at the last character of the bit and in the end put the second character first bit.

  因此，我们必须扩展4位，就像在开始时将出现在该位的最后一个字符处的位放到最后将第二个字符在第一位中放置一样。

  For example, we have text GIVE ME SOME MONEY, we write it in a four-bit as giving MESO MEMO NEYX now add the bits as tells you further as XGIVEM EMESOM OMEMON ONEYXG and here 16-bit convert into 24 bits.

  例如，我们有文本GIVE ME SOME MONEY，我们将其写为四位，因为MESO MEMO NEYX现在将这些位添加为XGIVEM EMESOM OMEMON ONEYXG，并在此将16位转换为24位。

  

• XOR

  异或

  After that the expansion permutation, DES does XOR operation on the expanded right section of 48 bit and the round key of 48 bit. The round key is used only in this operation and gave the output as 48 bit.

  在扩展排列之后，DES对48位的扩展右部分和48位的循环密钥进行XOR操作。 回合密钥仅在此操作中使用，并提供48位输出。

• Substitution Boxes

  替代箱

  Thus, the S-boxes carry out the real mixing as confusion. DES uses 8 S-boxes, each with a 6-bit input as plaintext and a 4-bit output as it substitutes it. We have to simply convert 6 bit of character into 4 bit of character.

  因此，S盒作为混淆进行了真正的混合。 DES使用8个S盒，每个S盒具有6位纯文本输入和4位替代输出。 我们必须简单地将6位字符转换为4位字符。

  As we take the first bit or last bit combine as a row and remaining middle four-bit as give a column.

  当我们将第一位或最后一位合并为行，其余的中间四位合并为列时。

  For example, 010010 110010 we take 1 character 00 as 0 rows and 1001 as 9 columns.

  例如，010010 110010我们将1个字符00作为0行，将1001作为9列。

  

• Permutation

  排列

  The 32-bit output of S-boxes is then subjected to the straight permutation as it has a table according to this we simply update the values by seen in the table and gave an output of 32 bit which further uses as of right.

  然后，S-box的32位输出将进行直接置换，因为它具有一个根据此表的表，我们只需通过在表中看到的值来更新值，并给出32位的输出，该输出将继续使用。

初始和最终排列 (Initial and Final Permutation)

Simply in starting we take plaintext of 64 bit and divide it into two halves as lest and right each of 32 bits. We use the right half and the key applies to the round function and gave the right half and after then it combines with as Xor of left and right. After that in the second round, left half with came after XOR become right half and original right half become left half and further do this process till round 16.

刚开始时，我们采用64位的明文，以免将其分为两半，而正确地分为32位。 我们使用右半部分，并且将键应用于舍入函数，并给出右半部分，然后将其与左和右的Xor合并。 在第二轮之后，XOR变成右半，原来的右半变成左半之后再加上左半，然后继续这一过程直到第16轮。

In the end, the same steps follow and at last left half and right half of 32 bits combine or merge and form a ciphertext of 64 bits in the cryptography in the cryptoanalysis.

最后，执行相同的步骤，最后在加密分析的密码学中，32位的左半部分和右半部分组合或合并并形成64位的密文。

解密过程 (Decryption Process)

It is just the reverse of the encryption process it takes the ciphertext and gave the plain text by just follow the encryption process steps just reverse.

它只是加密过程的逆过程，它采用密文并通过遵循恰好相反的加密过程步骤来给出纯文本。

DES分析 (DES Analysis)

This DES satisfies both the desired properties of a block cipher in cryptography. There are two properties make cipher very strong as,

该DES满足密码术中分组密码的两个所需特性。 有两个属性使密码非常强大，因为：

• Avalanche effect: In this, a small change in plaintext results in a very great change in the ciphertext in the cryptography.

  雪崩效应 ：在这种情况下，明文的微小变化会导致密码术中的密文发生很大的变化。

• Completeness: In each bit of ciphertext depends on many bits of plaintext in the cryptography.

  完整性 ：密文的每一位都取决于密码术中许多明文。

Image references:

图片参考：

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/data_encryption_standard.htm

  https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/data_encryption_standard.htm

翻译自: https://www.includehelp.com/cryptography/data-encryption-standard-des-in-cryptography.aspx

des加密密码补位