Day 2 - LeetCode #977, #209, #59

#977, Squares of a sorted Array 

有序数组的平方 

题目链接：https://leetcode.cn/problems/squares-of-a-sorted-array/

文章讲解：https://programmercarl.com/0977.%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9.html

视频讲解： https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1QB4y1D7ep

Given an integer array nums sorted in non-decreasing order, return an array of the squares of each number sorted in non-decreasing order.

Input: nums = [-4,-1,0,3,10]
Output: [0,1,9,16,100]
Explanation: After squaring, the array becomes [16,1,0,9,100].
After sorting, it becomes [0,1,9,16,100].

Notes:

loop from the highest index to lowest using two pointers, while comparing the abs value of first index and last index. 

Highlight :

1. int index = nums.length - 1 ; then index-- in while loop
2. when two points meet (left==right), fill in the last(middle) element 

#209 

 209.长度最小的子数组

题目建议： 本题关键在于理解滑动窗口，这个滑动窗口看文字讲解 还挺难理解的，建议大家先看视频讲解。  拓展题目可以先不做。 

题目链接：力扣（LeetCode）官网 - 全球极客挚爱的技术成长平台

文章讲解：代码随想录

视频讲解：拿下滑动窗口！ | LeetCode 209 长度最小的子数组_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

Note: 

sliding windows, two pointers - left, right. In for loop, move right pointer and in parallel calculate the sum, while sum >= target,

1. move left pointer to the right

2. modify the current sum - minus the previous left pointer value

3. record the index length, do a Math.min of current result

  public int minSubArrayLen(int target, int[] nums) {

        int res = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

        int left = 0;

        int sum = 0;

        for (int right = 0; right <= nums.length - 1; right++) {

            sum += nums[right];

            while(sum >= target) {

                res = Math.min(res, right - left + 1);

                sum -= nums[left];

                left++;

            }

        }    

        if(res == Integer.MAX_VALUE) return 0;

        return res;    

    }

 59.螺旋矩阵II

题目建议：  本题关键还是在转圈的逻辑，在二分搜索中提到的区间定义，在这里又用上了。 

题目链接：力扣（LeetCode）官网 - 全球极客挚爱的技术成长平台

文章讲解：代码随想录

视频讲解：一入循环深似海 | LeetCode：59.螺旋矩阵II_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

Note : 

traverse in four different directions, each move do check the boundary.  In other words:

when move from left to right, make sure it within top and bottom boundaries

when move from top to bottom, make sure it is within left to right boundaries.

12/31 not sure why, but it is required to make the code work.

int m = matrix.length, n = matrix[0].length;
    int upper_bound = 0, lower_bound = m - 1;
    int left_bound = 0, right_bound = n - 1;
    List<Integer> res = new LinkedList<>();
    // res.size() == m * n 则遍历完整个数组
    while (res.size() < m * n) {
        if (upper_bound <= lower_bound) {
            // 在顶部从左向右遍历
            for (int j = left_bound; j <= right_bound; j++) {
                res.add(matrix[upper_bound][j]);
            }
            // 上边界下移
            upper_bound++;
        }
        
        if (left_bound <= right_bound) {
            // 在右侧从上向下遍历
            for (int i = upper_bound; i <= lower_bound; i++) {
                res.add(matrix[i][right_bound]);
            }
            // 右边界左移
            right_bound--;
        }
        
        if (upper_bound <= lower_bound) {
            // 在底部从右向左遍历
            for (int j = right_bound; j >= left_bound; j--) {
                res.add(matrix[lower_bound][j]);
            }
            // 下边界上移
            lower_bound--;
        }
        
        if (left_bound <= right_bound) {
            // 在左侧从下向上遍历
            for (int i = lower_bound; i >= upper_bound; i--) {
                res.add(matrix[i][left_bound]);
            }
            // 左边界右移
            left_bound++;
        }
    }
    return res;