UI开发
创建自定义控件
所有控件都是直接或间接继承自View的,所有布局都是直接或间接继承自ViewGroup的。View是Android中最基本的一种UI组件,它可以在屏幕上绘制一块矩形区域,并能响应这块区域的各种事件。
引入布局
在activity_main.xml中,添加如下代码,即可引入自定义布局
<include layout="@layout/customLayout" />
创建自定义控件
- 新建TitleLayout继承自LinearLayout
- 重写LinearLayout中带有两个参数的构造器
- 对布局进行动态加载
public class TitleLayout extends LinearLayout {
public TitleLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.title, this);
}
}
通过from()
方法可以构建出一个LayoutInflater对象,然后调用inflate()
方法就可以动态加载一个布局文件。
inflate()
方法接受两个参数,第一个参数是要加载的布局文件的id,第二个参数是给加载号的布局再添加一个父布局。
4. 在布局文件中添加这个自定义控件
<com.example.myfzhou.uicustomviews.TitleLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
- 为布局中的控件添加点击事件
public class TitleLayout extends LinearLayout {
public TitleLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
···
Button titleBack = findViewById(R.id.title_back);
Button titleEdit = findViewById(R.id.title_edit);
titleBack.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
((Activity) getContext()).finish();
}
});
titleEdit.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
Toast.makeText(getContext(), "You clicked Edit button", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}
}
ListView
ListView简单用法
添加ListView控件
<ListView
android:id="@+id/list_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
使用适配器传递数据
ListView是用于展示大量数据的,应该先将数据提供好,这些数据可以是从网上下载,也可以是从数据库中读取。
数组中的数据是无法直接传递给ListView的,还需要借助适配器来完成。通常使用ArrayAdapter,ArrayAdapter有多个构造函数的重载。
ArrayAdapter的泛型指定为String,然后再ArrayAdapter的构造函数中依次传入当前context、ListView子项布局的id,以及要适配的数据。
android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1
是Android内置的布局文件,里面只有一个TextView,可用于简单地显示一段文本。
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private String[] data = {"Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon", "Pear", "Grape", "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango",
"Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon", "Pear", "Grape", "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango"};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(MainActivity.this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, data);
ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.list_view);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
}
定制ListView界面(显示图片和文字)
1.定义一个实体类,作为ListView适配器的适配类型
public class Fruit {
private String name;
private int imageId;
public Fruit(String name, int imageId) {
this.name = name;
this.imageId = imageId;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public int getImageId() {
return imageId;
}
}
2.创建一个自定义布局
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/fruit_image"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/fruit_name"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center_vertical"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"/>
</LinearLayout>
3.创建一个自定义的适配器
public class FruitAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<Fruit> {
private int resourceId;
public FruitAdapter(Context context, int textViewResourceId, List<Fruit> objects) {
super(context, textViewResourceId, objects);
resourceId = textViewResourceId;
}
@Override
public View getView(int position, @Nullable View convertView, @NonNull ViewGroup parent) {
Fruit fruit = getItem(position); // 获取当前项的Fruit实例
View view = LayoutInflater.from(getContext()).inflate(resourceId, parent, false);
ImageView fruitImage = view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image);
TextView fruitName = view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name);
fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
return view;
}
}
- FruitAdapter重写父类的一组构造函数,用于将上下文、ListView子项布局的id和数据都传递进来。
- 重写了getView()方法,这个方法再子项都滚动到屏幕内的时候会被调用。
- 在getView()方法中,通过getItem()方法得到当前项的Fruit实例,然后使用LayoutInflater来为这个子项加载传入的布局。
- LayoutInflater的inflate()方法接收3个参数,第三个参数指定成false,表示只让我们在父布局中声明的layout属性生效,但不会为这个View添加父布局,因为一旦View有了父布局之后,它就不能再添加到ListView中了。
4.使用适配器传递数据
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private List<Fruit> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
private String[] data = {"Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon", "Pear", "Grape", "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango",
"Apple", "Banana", "Orange", "Watermelon", "Pear", "Grape", "Pineapple", "Strawberry", "Cherry", "Mango"};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
initFruits();
FruitAdapter adapter = new FruitAdapter(MainActivity.this, R.layout.fruit_item, fruitList);
ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.list_view);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
private void initFruits() {
for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++){
Fruit apple = new Fruit("Apple", R.drawable.apple_pic);
fruitList.add(apple);
Fruit banana = new Fruit("Banana", R.drawable.banana_pic);
fruitList.add(banana);
Fruit orange = new Fruit("Orange", R.drawable.orange_pic);
fruitList.add(orange);
Fruit watermelon = new Fruit("Watermelon", R.drawable.watermelon_pic);
fruitList.add(watermelon);
Fruit pear = new Fruit("Pear", R.drawable.pear_pic);
fruitList.add(pear);
Fruit grape = new Fruit("Grape", R.drawable.grape_pic);
fruitList.add(grape);
Fruit pineapple = new Fruit("Pineapple", R.drawable.pineapple_pic);
fruitList.add(pineapple);
Fruit strawberry = new Fruit("Strawberry", R.drawable.strawberry_pic);
fruitList.add(strawberry);
Fruit cherry = new Fruit("Cherry", R.drawable.cherry_pic);
fruitList.add(cherry);
Fruit mango = new Fruit("Mango", R.drawable.mango_pic);
fruitList.add(mango);
}
}
}
提升ListView的运行效率
使用getView()方法中的converView参数,这个参数用于将之前加载好的布局进行缓存,以便以后可以进行重用。
修改FruitAdapter中的代码:
public class FruitAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<Fruit> {
···
public View getView(int position, @Nullable View convertView, @NonNull ViewGroup parent) {
Fruit fruit = getItem(position);
View view;
if(convertView == null) { // 对convertView进行判断,如果为null则使用LayoutInflater去加载布局
view = LayoutInflater.from(getContext()).inflate(resourceId, parent, false);
} else { // convertView不为空,则直接对convertView进行重用
view = convertView;
}
ImageView fruitImage = view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image);
TextView fruitName = view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name);
fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
return view;
}
}
上面的修改,虽然已经不会再重复去加载布局,但是每次在getView()方法中还是会调用View的findViewById()方法来获取一次控件的实例,此时,可以借助ViewHolder来对这部分性能优化。
修改FruitAdapter中的代码:
public class FruitAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<Fruit> {
···
@Override
public View getView(int position, @Nullable View convertView, @NonNull ViewGroup parent) {
Fruit fruit = getItem(position); // 获取当前项的Fruit实例
View view;
ViewHolder viewHolder;
if(convertView == null) {
view = LayoutInflater.from(getContext()).inflate(resourceId, parent, false);
viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
viewHolder.fruitImage = view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image);
viewHolder.fruitName = view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name);
view.setTag(viewHolder); // 将ViewHolder对象存储在View中
} else {
view = convertView;
viewHolder = (ViewHolder) view.getTag(); // 把ViewHolder重新取出
}
viewHolder.fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
viewHolder.fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
return view;
}
class ViewHolder { // ViewHolder类用于对控件的实例进行缓存
ImageView fruitImage;
TextView fruitName;
}
}
ListView点击事件
使用setOnItemClickListener()方法为ListView注册一个监听器,当用户点击了ListView中的任何一个子项时,就会回调onItemClick()方法,在这个方法中可以通过position参数判断出用户点击的是哪一个子项,然后得到相应的水果。
修改MainActivity:
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private List<Fruit> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
initFruits();
FruitAdapter adapter = new FruitAdapter(MainActivity.this, R.layout.fruit_item, fruitList);
ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.list_view);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int position, long id) {
Fruit fruit = fruitList.get(position);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, fruit.getName(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}
···
}
}
ps:懒虫一个…