仔细查看一下 Consumer 的回调方法：
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, byte[] body) throws IOException {
......
consumerChannel1.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(), false);
}当我们需要确认一条消息已经被消费时，我们调用的 basicAck 方法的第一个参数是 Delivery Tag。
Delivery Tag 用来标识信道中投递的消息。RabbitMQ 推送消息给 Consumer 时，会附带一个 Delivery Tag，以便 Consumer 可以在消息确认时告诉 RabbitMQ 到底是哪条消息被确认了。
RabbitMQ 保证在每个信道中，每条消息的 Delivery Tag 从 1 开始递增。
运行下面的例子可以直观的看到这点：
gordon.study.rabbitmq.ack.TestAckBasic.java
<span style="color:#333333"><code><span style="color:#0000ff">public</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">class</span> <span style="color:#a31515">TestAckBasic</span> {
<span style="color:#0000ff">private</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">static</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">final</span> String QUEUE_NAME = <span style="color:#a31515">"hello"</span>;
<span style="color:#0000ff">public</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">static</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">void</span> <span style="color:#a31515">main</span>(String[] argv) <span style="color:#0000ff">throws</span> Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = <span style="color:#0000ff">new</span> ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost(<span style="color:#a31515">"localhost"</span>);
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
<span style="color:#0000ff">final</span> Channel consumerChannel1 = connection.createChannel();
consumerChannel1.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, <span style="color:#0000ff">false</span>, <span style="color:#0000ff">false</span>, <span style="color:#0000ff">false</span>, <span style="color:#0000ff">null</span>);
consumerChannel1.basicQos(3);
Consumer consumer1 = <span style="color:#0000ff">new</span> DefaultConsumer(consumerChannel1) {
<span style="color:#2b91af">@Override</span>
<span style="color:#0000ff">public</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">void</span> <span style="color:#a31515">handleDelivery</span>(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, <span style="color:#0000ff">byte</span>[] body)
<span style="color:#0000ff">throws</span> IOException {
String message = <span style="color:#0000ff">new</span> String(body, <span style="color:#a31515">"UTF-8"</span>);
System.out.printf(<span style="color:#a31515">"in consumer A (delivery tag is %d): %s\n"</span>, envelope.getDeliveryTag(), message);
<span style="color:#0000ff">try</span> {
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200);
} <span style="color:#0000ff">catch</span> (InterruptedException e) {
}
consumerChannel1.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(), <span style="color:#0000ff">false</span>);
}
};
consumerChannel1.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, <span style="color:#0000ff">false</span>, consumer1);
<span style="color:#0000ff">final</span> Channel consumerChannel2 = connection.createChannel();
consumerChannel2.basicQos(3);
Consumer consumer2 = <span style="color:#0000ff">new</span> DefaultConsumer(consumerChannel2) {
<span style="color:#2b91af">@Override</span>
<span style="color:#0000ff">public</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">void</span> <span style="color:#a31515">handleDelivery</span>(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, AMQP.BasicProperties properties, <span style="color:#0000ff">byte</span>[] body)
<span style="color:#0000ff">throws</span> IOException {
String message = <span style="color:#0000ff">new</span> String(body, <span style="color:#a31515">"UTF-8"</span>);
System.out.printf(<span style="color:#a31515">"in consumer B (delivery tag is %d): %s\n"</span>, envelope.getDeliveryTag(), message);
<span style="color:#0000ff">try</span> {
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(200);
} <span style="color:#0000ff">catch</span> (InterruptedException e) {
}
consumerChannel2.basicAck(envelope.getDeliveryTag(), <span style="color:#0000ff">false</span>);
}
};
consumerChannel2.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, <span style="color:#0000ff">false</span>, consumer2);
Channel senderChannel = connection.createChannel();
<span style="color:#0000ff">for</span> (<span style="color:#0000ff">int</span> i = 0; i < 10;) {
String message = <span style="color:#a31515">"NO. "</span> + ++i;
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100);
senderChannel.basicPublish(<span style="color:#a31515">""</span>, QUEUE_NAME, <span style="color:#0000ff">null</span>, message.getBytes(<span style="color:#a31515">"UTF-8"</span>));
}
senderChannel.close();
}
}</code></span>result:
in consumer A (delivery tag is 1): NO. 1
in consumer B (delivery tag is 1): NO. 2
in consumer A (delivery tag is 2): NO. 3
in consumer B (delivery tag is 2): NO. 4
in consumer A (delivery tag is 3): NO. 5
in consumer B (delivery tag is 3): NO. 6
in consumer A (delivery tag is 4): NO. 7
in consumer B (delivery tag is 4): NO. 8
in consumer A (delivery tag is 5): NO. 9
in consumer B (delivery tag is 5): NO. 10可见，两个信道的 delivery tag 分别从 1 递增到 5。（如果修改代码，将两个 Consumer 共享同一个信道，则 delivery tag 是从 1 递增到 10，参考 gordon.study.rabbitmq.ack.TestAckInOneChannel.java）
basicAck 方法的第二个参数 multiple 取值为 false 时，表示通知 RabbitMQ 当前消息被确认；如果为 true，则额外将比第一个参数指定的 delivery tag 小的消息一并确认。（批量确认针对的是整个信道，参考gordon.study.rabbitmq.ack.TestBatchAckInOneChannel.java。）
对同一消息的重复确认，或者对不存在的消息的确认，会产生 IO 异常，导致信道关闭。
B. 忘了确认会怎样
如果我们注释掉22行，让 consumerChannel1 不再确认消息，世界会怎样？
只要程序还在运行，这3条消息就一直是 Unacked 状态，无法被 RabbitMQ 重新投递。更厉害的是，RabbitMQ 消息消费并没有超时机制，也就是说，程序不重启，消息就永远是 Unacked 状态。处理运维事件时不要忘了这些 Unacked 状态的消息。
当程序关闭时（实际只要 Consumer 关闭就行），这3条消息会恢复为 Ready 状态。
C. 取消确认
当消费消息出现异常时，我们需要取消确认，这时我们可以使用 Channel 的 basicReject 方法。
void basicReject(long deliveryTag, boolean requeue) throws IOException;第一个参数指定 delivery tag，第二个参数说明如何处理这个失败消息。requeue 值为 true 表示该消息重新放回队列头，值为 false 表示放弃这条消息。
一般来说，如果是系统无法处理的异常，我们一般是将 requeue 设为 false，例如消息格式错误，再处理多少次也是异常。调用第三方接口超时这类异常 requeue 应该设为 true。
从 basicReject 方法参数可见，取消确认不支持批量操作（类似于 basicAck 的 multiple 参数）。所以，RabbitMQ 增加了 basicNack 方法以提供批量取消能力。参考 https://www.rabbitmq.com/nack.html
PS：Reject 的消息重新推送来时，delivery tag 就是新的值了。
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