字符设备驱动之file_operations，file和inode

1.字符设备驱动中重要的数据结构

  大部分的基础性的驱动操作包括 3 个重要的内核数据结构, 他们分别是file_operations, file, 和 inode 。需要对这些结构的基本了解才能够做更多的事情。

2.文件操作（file_operations）

  struct file_operations是一个字符设备把驱动的操作和设备号联系在一起的纽带，是一系列指针的集合，每个被打开的文件都对应于一系列的操作，这就是file_operations，这个结构的每一个成员都对应着一个系统调用，用来执行一系列的系统调用。

内核5.10.6中的file_operations如下：

struct file_operations {
	struct module *owner;
	loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
	ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
	ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
	int (*iopoll)(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool spin);
	int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
	int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
	__poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
	long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
	unsigned long mmap_supported_flags;
	int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
	int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
	int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
	int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
	unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
	int (*check_flags)(int);
	int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
	ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
	int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
	long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
			  loff_t len);
	void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
	unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
#endif
	ssize_t (*copy_file_range)(struct file *, loff_t, struct file *,
			loff_t, size_t, unsigned int);
	loff_t (*remap_file_range)(struct file *file_in, loff_t pos_in,
				   struct file *file_out, loff_t pos_out,
				   loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
	int (*fadvise)(struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int);
} __randomize_layout;

3.文件结构（file）

  struct file代表一个打开的文件，存放了文件所有的动态信息，在执行file_operation中的open操作时被创建，每打开一次就会创建一次，并传递给在文件上操作的任何函数, 直到最后的关闭.。在文件的所有实例都关闭后, 内核释放这个数据结构。
  需要注意 file 与用户空间程序的 FILE 指针没有任何关系。 一个 FILE 定义在 C 库中， 从不出现在内核代码中.；一个 struct file，是一个内核结构，从不出现在用户程序中。

内核5.10.6中的file如下：

struct file {
	union {
		struct llist_node	fu_llist;
		struct rcu_head 	fu_rcuhead;
	} f_u;
	struct path		f_path;
	struct inode		*f_inode;	/* cached value */
	const struct file_operations	*f_op;

	/*
	 * Protects f_ep_links, f_flags.
	 * Must not be taken from IRQ context.
	 */
	spinlock_t		f_lock;
	enum rw_hint		f_write_hint;
	atomic_long_t		f_count;
	unsigned int 		f_flags;
	fmode_t			f_mode;
	struct mutex		f_pos_lock;
	loff_t			f_pos;
	struct fown_struct	f_owner;
	const struct cred	*f_cred;
	struct file_ra_state	f_ra;

	u64			f_version;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
	void			*f_security;
#endif
	/* needed for tty driver, and maybe others */
	void			*private_data;

#ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL
	/* Used by fs/eventpoll.c to link all the hooks to this file */
	struct list_head	f_ep_links;
	struct list_head	f_tfile_llink;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL */
	struct address_space	*f_mapping;
	errseq_t		f_wb_err;
	errseq_t		f_sb_err; /* for syncfs */
} __randomize_layout
  __attribute__((aligned(4)));	/* lest something weird decides that 2 is OK */

4.inode结构（inode）

  struct inode被内核用来代表一个文件，注意和struct file的区别，struct inode一个是代表文件，struct file一个是代表打开的文件。（可以理解为inode中存放的是文件的静态信息）

内核5.10.6中的inode如下(重要成员)：

struct inode {
	dev_t			i_rdev;//这个成员包含实际的设备编号
	union {
		struct pipe_inode_info	*i_pipe;
		struct block_device	*i_bdev;
		struct cdev		*i_cdev;//是内核的内部结构, 代表字符设备
		char			*i_link;
		unsigned		i_dir_seq;
	};

推荐使用以下这些宏代替直接操作 i_rdev：
    MKDEV(ma,mi) ：根据主次设备号合成设备号
    MAJOR(dev) ：得到主设备号（dev设备号）
    MINOR(dev)：得到次设备号（dev设备号）

下图为可视化构建：