进程组和用处

进程组：一个或多个进程的集合，进程组id是一个正整数。

组长进程：进程组id == 进程id

组长进程可以创建一个进程组，创建该进程组的进程，终止了，只要进程组有一个进程存在，进程组就存在，与组长进程是否终止无关。

进程组生存期：进程组创建到最后一个进程离开（终止或转移到另一个进程组）

一个进程可以为自己或子进程设置进程组id

作用：

子进程退出时，不管父子进程同不同一个进程组，都会发SIGCHLD信号给父进程

当父子进程同进程组时，父进程应捕捉SIGCHLD信号，对子进程资源进程回收，防止僵尸进程的产生

当父子进程不同进程组时，比如设置子进程成为了一个新的进程组，这时候子进程退出，系统也会正常回收子进程的资源，不会产生僵尸进程的

相关函数

#include <unistd.h>

int setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid); //pid = 0, pgid = 0,让当前进程成为一个进程组，并且进程组id为当前进程的pid
pid_t getpgid(pid_t pid); //pid = 0,获取当前进程的进程组id

pid_t getpgrp(void); /* POSIX.1 version */
pid_t getpgrp(pid_t pid); /* BSD version */

int setpgrp(void); /* System V version */
int setpgrp(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid); /* BSD version */

demo

1. 父子进程同一个进程组

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

void do_sigchld(int signo)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int status;
    printf("signo = %d\n", signo);

    while((pid = waitpid(0, &status, WNOHANG)) > 0) // 0:跟调用进程同组的子进程，WNOHANG：不阻塞，立即返回
    {
        if (WIFEXITED(status))
            printf("child %d exit status %d\n", pid, WEXITSTATUS(status));
        else if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
            printf("chid %d exit by signal %d\n", pid, WTERMSIG(status));
    } 
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    pid_t pid;
    //阻塞SIGCHLD信号
    sigset_t set;
    sigemptyset(&set);
    sigaddset(&set, SIGCHLD);
    sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, NULL);

    pid = fork();
    if (pid == 0)
    {
        //in child

        //解除阻塞SIGCHLD信号
        sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL);

        //进程组
        printf("child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(0) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(0));
        printf("child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(getpid()) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(getpid()));
        printf("child pid = %d, process group id getpgrp() = %d\n", getpid(), getpgrp());

        /*
        setpgid(0, 0); //pid = 0, pgid = 0,让当前进程成为一个进程组，并且进程组id为当前进程的pid
        printf("after setpgid(0, 0) child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(0) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(0));
        printf("after setpgid(0, 0) child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(getpid()) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(getpid()));
        printf("after setpgid(0, 0) child pid = %d, process group id getpgrp() = %d\n", getpid(), getpgrp());
        */
    }
    else if (pid > 0)
    {
        //in parent

        //先捕捉SIGCHLD信号
        struct sigaction act;
        act.sa_handler = do_sigchld;
        sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
        act.sa_flags = 0; //0:用sa_handler参数，SA_SIGINFO:用sa_sigaction参数
        sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, NULL);

        //再解除阻塞SIGCHLD信号
        sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL);

        //进程组
        printf("parent pid = %d, process group id getpgid(0) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(0));
        printf("parent pid = %d, process group id getpgid(getpid()) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(getpid()));
        printf("parent pid = %d, process group id getpgrp() = %d\n", getpid(), getpgrp());

        sleep(1); //为了观察子进程退出时，父进程回收子进程资源
    }
    else
    {
        perror("fork");
        exit(1);
    }

    return 0;
}

2. 子进程成为一个进程组时，上面的代码加入如下代码后

setpgid(0, 0); //pid = 0, pgid = 0,让当前进程成为一个进程组，并且进程组id为当前进程的pid

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

void do_sigchld(int signo)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int status;
    printf("signo = %d\n", signo);

    while((pid = waitpid(0, &status, WNOHANG)) > 0) // 0:跟调用进程同组的子进程，WNOHANG：不阻塞，立即返回
    {
        if (WIFEXITED(status))
            printf("child %d exit status %d\n", pid, WEXITSTATUS(status));
        else if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
            printf("chid %d exit by signal %d\n", pid, WTERMSIG(status));
    } 
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    pid_t pid;
    //阻塞SIGCHLD信号
    sigset_t set;
    sigemptyset(&set);
    sigaddset(&set, SIGCHLD);
    sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, NULL);

    pid = fork();
    if (pid == 0)
    {
        //in child

        //解除阻塞SIGCHLD信号
        sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL);

        //进程组
        printf("child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(0) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(0));
        printf("child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(getpid()) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(getpid()));
        printf("child pid = %d, process group id getpgrp() = %d\n", getpid(), getpgrp());

        setpgid(0, 0); //pid = 0, pgid = 0,让当前进程成为一个进程组，并且进程组id为当前进程的pid
        printf("after setpgid(0, 0) child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(0) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(0));
        printf("after setpgid(0, 0) child pid = %d, process group id getpgid(getpid()) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(getpid()));
        printf("after setpgid(0, 0) child pid = %d, process group id getpgrp() = %d\n", getpid(), getpgrp());
    }
    else if (pid > 0)
    {
        //in parent

        //先捕捉SIGCHLD信号
        struct sigaction act;
        act.sa_handler = do_sigchld;
        sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
        act.sa_flags = 0; //0:用sa_handler参数，SA_SIGINFO:用sa_sigaction参数
        sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, NULL);

        //再解除阻塞SIGCHLD信号
        sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL);

        //进程组
        printf("parent pid = %d, process group id getpgid(0) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(0));
        printf("parent pid = %d, process group id getpgid(getpid()) = %d\n", getpid(), getpgid(getpid()));
        printf("parent pid = %d, process group id getpgrp() = %d\n", getpid(), getpgrp());

        sleep(1); //为了观察子进程退出时，父进程回收子进程资源
    }
    else
    {
        perror("fork");
        exit(1);
    }

    return 0;
}