我的linux学习之入门到入坟（二十二）-mysql基础（二）

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4. mysql数据库操作

4.1 DDL操作

4.1.1 数据库操作

//创建数据库
//语法：CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//创建数据库wangqingge
mysql> mysql> create database hjl;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)



//查看当前实例有哪些数据库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hjl                |
| hjl1               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)



//删除数据库
//语法：DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//删除数据库
mysql> drop database hjl1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)



mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hjl                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.1.2 表操作

//创建表
//语法：CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype 修饰符,col2 datatype 修饰符) ENGINE='存储引擎类型';
//在数据库wangqingge里创建表hjl

mysql> use hjl;      
Database changed
mysql> create table hjl(id int(11) primary key auto_increment,name varchar(100) noot null,age tinyint(4));
     //创建hjl表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)


//查看当前数据库有哪些表
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_hjl |
+---------------+
| hjl           |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)



//删除表
//语法：DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] 'table_name';
//删除表hjl
mysqldrop table hjl;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

4.1.3 用户操作

mysql用户帐号由两部分组成，如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’，表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录

这里（‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’）的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序，其值可为：

• IP地址，如：172.16.12.129
• 通配符
  • %：匹配任意长度的任意字符，常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
  • _：匹配任意单个字符

//数据库用户创建
//语法：CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//创建数据库用户hjl
mysql> create user 'hjl'@'192.168.140.130' identified by 'HJLdrh123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)


[root@duanruhui ~]# mysql -uhjl -p'HJLdrh123!' -h192.168.140.130;
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.


Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

//删除数据库用户
//语法：DROP USER 'username'@'host'; 
mysql> drop user 'hjl'@'192.168.140.130';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

4.1.4 查看命令SHOW

mysql> SHOW CHARACTER SET;      //查看支持的所有字符集
mysql> SHOW ENGINES;        //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;          //查看数据库信息
mysql> SHOW TABLES FROM hjl;         //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表

//查看表结构
//语法：DESC [db_name.]table_name;
mysql> desc hjl;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |          

//查看某表的创建命令
//语法：SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
mysql> show create table hjl.hjl;

//查看某表的状态
//语法：SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G
mysql> use hjl;      //进入数据库
Database changed
mysql> show table status like 'hjl'\G;
     //查看hjl表的状态

4.1.5 获取帮助

//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> help create table;       //获取创建表的帮助

4.2 DML操作

DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作。

4.2.1 INSERT语句

//DML操作之增操作insert
//语法：INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} (value1,...),(...),...

mysql> use hjl;
Database changed
mysql> INSERT INTO hjl (name,age) VALUE ('tom',20);       //一次插入一条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)


mysql> insert hjl(name,age) values('tom',20),('jerry',23),('wangqing',25),('sezn'(),28),('zhangshan',26),('zhangshan',20),('lisi',null),('chengshuo',10),('wangqu',3()),('qiuyi',15),('qianliu',20); //一次插入多条记录

4.2.2 SELECT语句

字段column表示法

表示符	代表什么？
*	所有字段
as	字段别名，如col1 AS alias1 当表名很长时用别名代替

条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型	常用操作符
操作符	>，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空
条件逻辑操作	AND OR NOT

ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）

ORDER BY语句	意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’	根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC	根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2	根据column_name进行升序排序 并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2	根据column_name进行升序排序 并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果

//DML操作之查操作select
//语法：SELECT column1,column2,... FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> use wangqingge;
Database changed
mysql> select * from hjl;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sezn      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
|  8 | chengshuo |   10 |
|  9 | wangqu    |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi     |   15 |
| 11 | qianliu   |   20


mysql> SELECT * FROM hjl ORDER BY age DESC;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      |   50 |
|  4 | sezn      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
| 11 | qianliu   |   20 |
| 10 | qiuyi     |   15 |
|  8 | chengshuo |   10 |
|  9 | wangqu    |    3 |
+----+-----------+------+



mysql> select * from hjl order by age limit 2,3;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name    | age  |
+----+---------+------+
| 10 | qiuyi   |   15 |
|  1 | tom     |   20 |
| 11 | qianliu |   20 |
+----+---------+------+


mysql> SELECT * FROM hjl WHERE age >= 25 AND name = 'zhangshan'
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+

mysql> SELECT * FROM hjl WHERE age BETWEEN 23 and 28;
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sezn      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 

4.2.3 update语句

//DML操作之改操作update
//语法：UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1[,column2 = new_value2,...] [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];


mysql> update hjl set age = 50 where name = 'lisi';
mysql> select * from hjl where name = 'lisi';
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi |   50 |
+----+------+------+

4.2.4 delete语句

//DML操作之删操作delete
//语法：DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> delete from hjl where id = 7;       //删除某条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from hjl;        //删除整张表的内容
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)

4.2.5 truncate语句

truncate与delete的区别：

语句类型	特点
delete	DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项 可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据 非常占用空间
truncate	删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复 表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值 执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少 通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放 对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据 不能用于加入了索引视图的表

//语法：TRUNCATE table_name;

mysql> select * from hjl;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sezn      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  7 | lisi      |   50 |
|  8 | chengshuo |   10 |
|  9 | wangqu    |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi     |   15 |
| 11 | qianliu   |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+


mysql> truncate hjl;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc hjl;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from hjl;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

4.3 DCL操作

4.3.1 创建授权grant

权限类型(priv_type)

权限类型	代表什么？
ALL	所有权限
SELECT	读取内容的权限
INSERT	插入内容的权限
UPDATE	更新内容的权限
DELETE	删除内容的权限

指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name

表示方式	意义
.	所有库的所有表
db_name	指定库的所有表
db_name.table_name	指定库的指定表

WITH GRANT OPTION：被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户，说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。

GRANT priv_type,... ON [object_type] db_name.table_name TO ‘username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'] [WITH GRANT OPTION];
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hjl                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)




//授权hjl用户在所有位置上远程登录访问wangqingge数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'hjl'@'%' identified by 'Hjldrh123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

4.3.2 查看授权

//查看当前登录用户的授权信息
mysql> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION        |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


//查看指定用户hjl的授权信息
mysql> show grants for hjl;
+------------------------------------------+
| Grants for hjl@%                         |
+------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'hjl'@'%' |
+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.3.3 取消授权REVOKmysql> flush privileges;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//语法：REVOKE priv_type,... ON db_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';

mysql> revoke all on *.* from 'hjl'@'%' ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

注意：mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中：

• GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中，mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表，并更新至内存中
• 对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令，可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

alter修改表的结构

使用案例：

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/alter-table-examples.html.

给表重命名

mysql> alter table hjl rename hjl1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//设置age

mysql> alter table hjl1 modify age tinyint not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

增加字段dd,并设置成int（11）

mysql> alter table hjl1 add dd int (11);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

删除字段dd

mysql> alter table hjl1 drop column dd;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0