Linux学习之Shell Scripts（二）

一、test判断式

（1）关于某个档名的文件类型判断

测试的标志	代表意义
-e	该档名是否存在？
-f	该档名是否为存在且为档案（file）？
-d	该文件名是否存在且为目录（directory)?

 

 

 

 

 

[root@localhost dalianmao]# ll
total 64
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   18 Nov  5 08:42 catfile
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Downloads
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao 2784 Nov  5 08:13 homefile
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   36 Oct 18 11:01 list_error
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao    9 Oct 18 11:01 list_right
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Public
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  665 Oct 21 11:07 regular_express.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  108 Nov  5 08:24 rootfile
drwxrwxr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Nov  8 12:40 scripts
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Templates
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  125 Oct  1 06:23 test.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Videos
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -e scripts/ && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -e regular_express.txt  && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -f regular_express.txt  && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -f dalianmao.txt && echo"exist" || echo "not exist"
not exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -d scripts/ && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -d wzc && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
not exist

 （2）关于档案的权限的判断

测试的标志	代表的意义
-r	该档案是否有可读权限
-w	该档案是否有可写权限
-x	该档案是否有可执行权限
-s	该档案是否存在且为非空白档案

 

 

 

 

 

 

[root@localhost dalianmao]# ll
total 64
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   18 Nov  5 08:42 catfile
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Downloads
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao 2784 Nov  5 08:13 homefile
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   36 Oct 18 11:01 list_error
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao    9 Oct 18 11:01 list_right
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Public
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  665 Oct 21 11:07 regular_express.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  108 Nov  5 08:24 rootfile
drwxrwxr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Nov  8 12:40 scripts
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Templates
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  125 Oct  1 06:23 test.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Videos
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -r catfile  && echo "exist"||echo "not exist"
exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -w catfile  && echo "exist"||echo "not exist"
exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -x catfile  && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
not exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -s catfile  && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
exist
[root@localhost dalianmao]# touch dalianmao.py
[root@localhost dalianmao]# ll
total 64
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   18 Nov  5 08:42 catfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root      root         0 Nov  9 07:27 dalianmao.py
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Downloads
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao 2784 Nov  5 08:13 homefile
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   36 Oct 18 11:01 list_error
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao    9 Oct 18 11:01 list_right
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Public
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  665 Oct 21 11:07 regular_express.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  108 Nov  5 08:24 rootfile
drwxrwxr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Nov  8 12:40 scripts
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Templates
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  125 Oct  1 06:23 test.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Videos
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test -s dalianmao.py && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
not exist

（3）两个整数之间的判定

测试的标志	代表的意义
-eq	两数值相等（equal）
-ne	两数不等（not equal）
-gt	num1 大于 num2 （greater than）
-lt	num1 小于 num2（less than）
-ge	num1 大于等于 num2（greater than or equal）
-le	num1 小于等于num2（less than or equal）

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[root@localhost dalianmao]# num1=13;num2=13;num3=15;num4=10
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test $num1 -eq $num2 && echo "true"||echo "false"
true
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test $num1 -ne $num3 && echo "true"||echo "false"
true
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test $num1 -gt $num4 && echo "true"||echo "false"
true
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test $num1 -lt $num3 && echo "true"||echo "false"
true
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test $num1 -ge $num2 && echo "true"||echo "false"
true
[root@localhost dalianmao]# test $num1 -le $num2 && echo "true"||echo "false"
true

（4）判定字符串数据

测试的标志	代表的意义
test -z string	判定字符串是否为0？若string为空字符串，则为true
test -n string	判定字符串是否为非0？若string为空字符串，则为false 注：-n可省略
test str1=str2	判定str1 是否等于str2，若相等，则回传true
test str1 !=str2	判定str1是否不等于str2，若相等，则回传false

 

 

 

 

 

 

（5）多重判定条件

测试的标志	代表的意义
-a	(and) 两状况同时成立！例如test -r file -a -x file,则file同时具有r与x权限时，才回传true。
-o	（or）两状况任何一个成立！例如test -r file -o -x file,则file具有r或x权限，就回传true。
!	反相状态，如test ! -x file,当file不具有x时，回传true

 

 

 

 

 

 

（6） shell练习题

    1、输入档案名，如果没有输入提示并退出

    2、判断档案是否存在，如果不存在，输出the file filename do not exists！，并退出程序

    3、若档案存在，则判断该档案为file还是directory，并输出the filename is regular file 或者

    the filename is directory。

    4、判断执行者对于这个文件的权限，并输出。

[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ ll
total 68
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   18 Nov  5 08:42 catfile
-rw-r--r--. 1 root      root         0 Nov  9 07:27 dalianmao.py
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  897 Nov 12 10:11 dalianmao.sh
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Downloads
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao 2784 Nov  5 08:13 homefile
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao   36 Oct 18 11:01 list_error
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao    9 Oct 18 11:01 list_right
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Public
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  665 Oct 21 11:07 regular_express.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  108 Nov  5 08:24 rootfile
drwxrwxr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Nov  8 12:40 scripts
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Templates
-rw-rw-r--. 1 dalianmao dalianmao  125 Oct  1 06:23 test.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 dalianmao dalianmao 4096 Jul 11 15:01 Videos
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ sh dalianmao.sh 
Please input a filename.


Keyin a filename: 
You must input a filename
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ sh dalianmao.sh
Please input a filename.


Keyin a filename:dashabi
the file dashabi do not exists!
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ sh dalianmao.sh
Please input a filename.


Keyin a filename:scripts               
The scripts is directory !
The excutor has these permissions:readable writable excutable
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ sh dalianmao.sh 
Please input a filename.


Keyin a filename:regular_express
the file regular_express do not exists!
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ sh dalianmao.sh 
Please input a filename.


Keyin a filename:regular_express.txt
The regular_express.txt is regular file !
The excutor has these permissions:readable writable
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ nl dalianmao.sh 
     1	#!/bin/bash
     2	#Program:
       
     3	#    user keyin filename,program will check flowing:
       
     4	#   (1)exist?(2)file or directory? (3)file permissions
       
     5	# History:
       
     6	# 2018/11/12 dalianmao v1.0
       
     7	PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:~/bin
     8	export PATH
       
     9	#输入档名
    10	echo -e "Please input a filename.\n\n"
       
    11	read -p "Keyin a filename:" filename
       
    12	test -z $filename && echo "You must input a filename" && exit 0
       
    13	#判断档案是否存在
    14	test ! -e $filename && echo "the file $filename do not exists!" && exit 0
    15	# 判断档案为file还是directory？判断执行者对于该文件的权限
    16	test -f $filename && filetype="regular file"
    17	test -d $filename && filetype="directory"
    18	test -r $filename && perm="readable"
    19	test -w $filename && perm="$perm writable"
    20	test -x $filename && perm="$perm excutable"
    21	#打印
    22	echo "The $filename is $filetype !"
    23	echo "The excutor has these permissions:$perm"

二、[ ] 判断式

（1） 判断变量是否为空？

[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ str=dalianmao
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ [ -z "$str" ];echo $?
1
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ str=''
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ [ -z "$str" ];echo $?
0

（2）判断两变量是否相等

[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ str1=dalianmao;str2=$str1;str3=haha
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ echo $str1 $str2 $str3
dalianmao dalianmao haha
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ [ "$str1" == "$str2" ];echo $?
0
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ [ "$str1" == "$str3" ];echo $?
1

（3）注意

1、在中括号[ ] 中每个组件都需要用空格键来分隔；

2、在中括号中的变量，都要用双引号括起来；

3、在中括号中的常量，要用单引号或者双引号括起来；

（4）当变量str或者str1不为空时，回传true（此处要表达的是-o 或者-a要放在[ ] 内）

[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ str='';str1=dalianmao
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ [ -z "$str" -o -z "$str1" ];echo $?
0
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ [ -z "$str" -a -z "$str1" ];echo $?
1

三、shell script 默认变量

（1）常用默认变量

名称	说明
$0	脚本名称
$1-9	脚本执行的参数1到参数9
$?	上一句脚本的返回值
$#	脚本执行时，输入参数的个数
$@	输入参数的具体内容（即所有参数的一个列表）
$*	输入的参数的具体内容（默认空格分隔，为一个单词）

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

样例：注意$@和$*的区别哈！

[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ vi dalianmao_test.sh
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ sh dalianmao_test.sh w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 w9
filename: dalianmao_test.sh
参数$@的参数值为： w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 w9
第1个参数是: w1
第2个参数是: w2
第3个参数是: w3
第4个参数是: w4
第5个参数是: w5
第6个参数是: w6
第7个参数是: w7
第8个参数是: w8
第9个参数是: w9
参数$*的参数值为：w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 w9
第1个参数值为：w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 w9
参数$1-9为： w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,w7,w8,w9
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ nl dalianmao_test.sh 
     1	#!/bin/bash
       
     2	#Progam:
     3	#     This program test particular parameters!
       
     4	#History:
     5	# 2018/11/12 dalianmao v1.0
       
     6	PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:~bin
     7	export PATH
       
     8	echo "filename:" $0
       
     9	echo "参数\$@的参数值为：" $@
       
    10	n=1
       
    11	for temstr in "$@"
    12	do
    13		echo "第$n个参数是:" $temstr
    14		let n+=1
    15	done
       
    16	n=1
    17	echo "参数\$*的参数值为："$*
    18	for temstr in "$*"
    19	do
    20		echo "第$n个参数值为："$temstr
    21		let n+=1
    22	done
       
    23	echo "参数\$1-9为：" $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9
       

（2）shift：默认变量偏移

后可接数字，默认为1。一次偏移就是默认拿掉前面几个参数变量。废话不多说直接看例子。

[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ sh sh_01.sh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
sh_01 before shift: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
sh_01 after shift: 3 4 5 6 7 8
sh_02 : 3 4 5 6 7 8
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ nl sh_01.sh 
     1	#!/bin/bash
       
     2	#Program:
     3	#        test shift
       
       
     4	echo "sh_01 before shift:" $@
       
     5	shift 2
     6	echo "sh_01 after shift:" $@
       
     7	sh  sh_02.sh $@
[dalianmao@localhost ~]$ nl sh_02.sh 
     1	#!/bin/bash
       
       
       
       
     2	echo "sh_02 :" $@