C++学习 构造函数，临时对象

参考 https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/aix/library/1307_lisl_c11/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int a = 1;

class MyString {
private:
    char* _data;
    size_t   _len;
    int b;
    void _init_data(const char* s) {
        _data = new char[_len + 1];
        memcpy(_data, s, _len);
        _data[_len] = '\0';
    }

public:
    MyString() {
        _data = NULL;
        _len = 0;
        b = a++;
        std::cout << "() Constructor is called! no source!"
            << ", b:" << b << std::endl;
    }

    MyString(const char* p) {
        _len = strlen(p);
        _init_data(p);
        b = a++;
        std::cout << "const char* Constructor is called! source: " 
            << p << ", b:" << b << std::endl;
    }

    MyString(const MyString& str) {
        _len = str._len;
        _init_data(str._data);
        b = a++;
        std::cout << "Copy Constructor is called! source: " 
            << str._data << ", b:" << b << std::endl;
    }

    MyString& operator=(const MyString& str) {
        if (this != &str) {
            _len = str._len;
            _init_data(str._data);
        }
        std::cout << "Copy Assignment is called! source: " 
            << str._data << ", b:" << b << std::endl;
        return *this;
    }

    virtual ~MyString() {
        const char* o = _data;
        if (o == nullptr) {
            o = "null";
        }

        std::cout << "Desconstructor! source: "
            << o << ", b:" << b << std::endl;
        if (_data) free(_data);
    }
};

int main() {
    MyString a;
    a = MyString("Hello");
    std::vector<MyString> vec;
    vec.push_back(MyString("World"));
}

输出:

() Constructor is called! no source!, b:1
const char* Constructor is called! source: Hello, b:2
Copy Assignment is called! source: Hello, b:1
Desconstructor! source: Hello, b:2
const char* Constructor is called! source: World, b:3
Copy Constructor is called! source: World, b:4
Desconstructor! source: World, b:3
Desconstructor! source: World, b:4
Desconstructor! source: Hello, b:1

增加转移构造和转移赋值

    MyString(MyString&& str) {
        b = a++;

        std::cout << "Move Constructor is called! source: " 
            << str._data << ", b:" << str.b << " to " << b << std::endl;
        _len = str._len;
        _data = str._data;
        
        str._len = 0;
        str._data = NULL;
    }
    
    MyString& operator=(MyString&& str) {
        std::cout << "Move Assignment is called! source: " 
            << str._data << ", b:" << str.b << " to " << b << std::endl;

        if (this != &str) {
            _len = str._len;
            _data = str._data;
            str._len = 0;
            str._data = NULL;
        }

        return *this;
    }

输出：

() Constructor is called! no source!, b:1
const char* Constructor is called! source: Hello, b:2
Move Assignment is called! source: Hello, b:2 to 1
Desconstructor! source: null, b:2
const char* Constructor is called! source: World, b:3
Move Constructor is called! source: World, b:3 to 4
Desconstructor! source: null, b:3
Desconstructor! source: World, b:4
Desconstructor! source: Hello, b:1

一些参考

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/99524127

左值 ，一个 lvalue 是通常可以放在等号左边的表达式
右值 ，一个 rvalue 是通常只能放在等号右边的表达式
广义左值 ，一个 glvalue 是 generalized lvalue
将亡值 ，一个 xvalue 是 expiring lvalue
纯右值，一个 prvalue 是 pure rvalue