gradle是个工具，用于把项目自动构建为产品，具体来说就是自动编译、测试、打包和部署项目。
一、声明式构建和约定大于配置
gradle使用领域特定语言（Domain Specific Language）声明构建，该语言基于Groovy，Groovy也是一种语言用于java虚拟机。
gradle为Java、Groovy、Scala、web和OSGI项目提供开箱即用gradle的支持，即约定大于配置，即提供了很多默认配置，基本上不用你配置了，就能构建。
1、能够使用Ant任务和Maven仓库
2、增量构建
构建过程可以分好几个任务，有些任务要不要执行就看被操作对象是否修改过，有修改就执行该任务，没有修改就不执行。例如编译任务，假如源代码修改过，就执行编译，没有修改就不执行。
3、支持多项目构建也支持部分构建
项目之间有依赖，gradle帮我们处理依赖关系，也帮我们处理在构建项目之前要不要构建依赖的项目。
4、假如本地没有安装Gradle怎么办
使用GradleWapper构建
5、Gradle是开源的
二、安装Gradle（gradle 7.2）
事先要装好JDK，在cmd中输入 java -version 检验。
不需要安装Groovy。
1、通过下载安装Gradle
解压后进入bin目录，在地址栏输入cmd，在命令行窗口输入 gradle -v，如下：
D:\gradle-7.4.2-all\bin>gradle -v
------------------------------------------------------------
Gradle 7.4.2
------------------------------------------------------------
Build time: 2022-03-31 15:25:29 UTC
Revision: 540473b8118064efcc264694cbcaa4b677f61041
Kotlin: 1.5.31
Groovy: 3.0.9
Ant: Apache Ant(TM) version 1.10.11 compiled on July 10 2021
JVM: 1.8.0_201 (Oracle Corporation 25.201-b09)
OS: Windows 7 6.1 amd64说明安装成功了。
为了能在任何目录运行gradle命令，需要把bin目录加入path：
设置环境变量GRADLE_HOME，把%GRADLE_HOME%\bin加入path。
如果我们想要把jvm选项加入gradle，可以使用JAVA_OPTS和GRADLE_OPTS这两个环境变量。
2、通过SDKMAN安装gradle
三、书写第一个构建脚本
在E:\java\tools\gradle\demo新建build.gradle，脚本如下：
task helloworld {
println('helloworld')
}在该目录的地址栏输入cmd，打开命令行窗口，输入gradle helloworld，结果如下：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle helloworld
> Configure project :
helloworld
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 1s如果要更简洁输出，加上-q，如下：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q helloworld
helloworld四、默认的gradle任务
为了使测试结果更加易懂，把代码修改为
task TasknameHello {
println('print hello')
}执行 gradle -q tasks，结果如下：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q tasks
print hello
------------------------------------------------------------
Tasks runnable from root project 'demo'
------------------------------------------------------------
Build Setup tasks
-----------------
init - Initializes a new Gradle build.
wrapper - Generates Gradle wrapper files.
Help tasks
----------
buildEnvironment - Displays all buildscript dependencies declared in root project 'demo'.
dependencies - Displays all dependencies declared in root project 'demo'.
dependencyInsight - Displays the insight into a specific dependency in root project 'demo'.
help - Displays a help message.
javaToolchains - Displays the detected java toolchains.
outgoingVariants - Displays the outgoing variants of root project 'demo'.
projects - Displays the sub-projects of root project 'demo'.
properties - Displays the properties of root project 'demo'.
tasks - Displays the tasks runnable from root project 'demo'.
To see all tasks and more detail, run gradle tasks --all
To see more detail about a task, run gradle help --task <task>gradle内建任务在上面的Help tasks中展示，举例如下：
help任务显示总的帮助信息：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q help
print hello
Welcome to Gradle 7.2.
To run a build, run gradle <task> ...
To see a list of available tasks, run gradle tasks
To see a list of command-line options, run gradle --help
To see more detail about a task, run gradle help --task <task>
For troubleshooting, visit https://help.gradle.orgproperties任务显示该项目的属性及gradle内建属性，执行 gradle -q properties：
allprojects: [root project 'demo']
ant: org.gradle.api.internal.project.DefaultAntBuilder@20aa36ea
antBuilderFactory: org.gradle.api.internal.project.DefaultAntBuilderFactory@365a88d2
artifacts: org.gradle.api.internal.artifacts.dsl.DefaultArtifactHandler_Decorated@5d9da755
asDynamicObject: DynamicObject for root project 'demo'
baseClassLoaderScope: org.gradle.api.internal.initialization.DefaultClassLoaderScope@60f9ec0c
buildDir: E:\java\tools\gradle\demo\build
buildFile: E:\java\tools\gradle\demo\build.gradle
buildPath: :
buildScriptSource: org.gradle.groovy.scripts.TextResourceScriptSource@11959b9f
buildscript: org.gradle.api.internal.initialization.DefaultScriptHandler@73eb9d67
childProjects: {}
class: class org.gradle.api.internal.project.DefaultProject_Decorated
classLoaderScope: org.gradle.api.internal.initialization.DefaultClassLoaderScope@437c3b40
components: SoftwareComponentInternal set
configurationActions: org.gradle.configuration.project.DefaultProjectConfigurationActionContainer@6c4a26af
configurationTargetIdentifier: org.gradle.configuration.ConfigurationTargetIdentifier$1@51be11da
configurations: configuration container
convention: org.gradle.internal.extensibility.DefaultConvention@7e91be2f
crossProjectModelAccess: org.gradle.api.internal.project.DefaultCrossProjectModelAccess@5c952c86
defaultTasks: []
deferredProjectConfiguration: org.gradle.api.internal.project.DeferredProjectConfiguration@615716e5
dependencies: org.gradle.api.internal.artifacts.dsl.dependencies.DefaultDependencyHandler_Decorated@40c6ebd4
//省略其他信息dependencies任务显示项目的依赖：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q dependencies
print hello
------------------------------------------------------------
Root project 'demo'
------------------------------------------------------------
No configurations
A web-based, searchable dependency report is available by adding the --scan option.model任务显示gradle创建的model信息：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q model
print hello
------------------------------------------------------------
Root project 'demo'
------------------------------------------------------------
+ tasks
| Type: org.gradle.model.ModelMap<org.gradle.api.Task>
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks()
+ buildEnvironment
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.diagnostics.BuildEnvironmentReportTask
| Value: task ':buildEnvironment'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.buildEnvironment()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ components
| Type: org.gradle.api.reporting.components.ComponentReport
| Value: task ':components'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.components()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ dependencies
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.diagnostics.DependencyReportTask
| Value: task ':dependencies'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.dependencies()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ dependencyInsight
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.diagnostics.DependencyInsightReportTask
| Value: task ':dependencyInsight'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.dependencyInsight()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ dependentComponents
| Type: org.gradle.api.reporting.dependents.DependentComponentsReport
| Value: task ':dependentComponents'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.dependentComponents()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ help
| Type: org.gradle.configuration.Help
| Value: task ':help'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.help()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ init
| Type: org.gradle.buildinit.tasks.InitBuild
| Value: task ':init'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.init()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ javaToolchains
| Type: org.gradle.jvm.toolchain.internal.task.ShowToolchainsTask
| Value: task ':javaToolchains'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.javaToolchains()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ model
| Type: org.gradle.api.reporting.model.ModelReport
| Value: task ':model'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.model()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ outgoingVariants
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.diagnostics.OutgoingVariantsReportTask
| Value: task ':outgoingVariants'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.outgoingVariants()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ prepareKotlinBuildScriptModel
| Type: org.gradle.api.DefaultTask
| Value: task ':prepareKotlinBuildScriptModel'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.prepareKotlinBuildScriptModel()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ projects
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.diagnostics.ProjectReportTask
| Value: task ':projects'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.projects()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ properties
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.diagnostics.PropertyReportTask
| Value: task ':properties'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.properties()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ taskname_hello
| Type: org.gradle.api.DefaultTask
| Value: task ':taskname_hello'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.taskname_hello()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ tasks
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.diagnostics.TaskReportTask
| Value: task ':tasks'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.tasks()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer
+ wrapper
| Type: org.gradle.api.tasks.wrapper.Wrapper
| Value: task ':wrapper'
| Creator: Project.<init>.tasks.wrapper()
| Rules:
? copyToTaskContainer五、任务名称缩写
gradle对项目执行某任务时，允许任务名称缩写，但缩写后的名称要保证唯一性，包括不与内建任务冲突。例如：缩写t，与tasks任务冲突了，所以可以用taskname或者驼峰写法TH：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q t
print hello
------------------------------------------------------------
Tasks runnable from root project 'demo'
------------------------------------------------------------
Build Setup tasks
-----------------
init - Initializes a new Gradle build.
wrapper - Generates Gradle wrapper files.
Help tasks
----------
buildEnvironment - Displays all buildscript dependencies declared in root project 'demo'.
dependencies - Displays all dependencies declared in root project 'demo'.
dependencyInsight - Displays the insight into a specific dependency in root project 'demo'.
help - Displays a help message.
javaToolchains - Displays the detected java toolchains.
outgoingVariants - Displays the outgoing variants of root project 'demo'.
projects - Displays the sub-projects of root project 'demo'.
properties - Displays the properties of root project 'demo'.
tasks - Displays the tasks runnable from root project 'demo'.
To see all tasks and more detail, run gradle tasks --all
To see more detail about a task, run gradle help --task <task>E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q taskname
print helloE:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -q TH
print hello六、执行多任务
只要把各个任务名称添加到命令行：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle TH tasks
> Configure project :
print hello
> Task :tasks
省略其他信息冒号后面显示任务名称。
在构建过程中任务不会重复执行。
七、命令行选项
命令行选项，例如：--help、-h、-?，能够展示全部命令行选项：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle --help
USAGE: gradle [option...] [task...]
-?, -h, --help Shows this help message.
-a, --no-rebuild Do not rebuild project dependencies.
-b, --build-file Specify the build file. (deprecated)
--build-cache Enables the Gradle build cache. Gradle will try to reuse outputs from previous builds.
-c, --settings-file Specify the settings file. (deprecated)
--configuration-cache Enables the configuration cache. Gradle will try to reuse the build configuration from previous builds. [incubating]
--configuration-cache-problems Configures how the configuration cache handles problems (fail or warn). Defaults to fail. [incubating]
--configure-on-demand Configure necessary projects only. Gradle will attempt to reduce configuration time for large multi-project builds. [incubating]
--console Specifies which type of console output to generate. Values are 'plain', 'auto' (default), 'rich' or 'verbose'.
--continue Continue task execution after a task failure.
-D, --system-prop Set system property of the JVM (e.g. -Dmyprop=myvalue).
-d, --debug Log in debug mode (includes normal stacktrace).
--daemon Uses the Gradle Daemon to run the build. Starts the Daemon if not running.
--export-keys Exports the public keys used for dependency verification.
-F, --dependency-verification Configures the dependency verification mode (strict, lenient or off)
--foreground Starts the Gradle Daemon in the foreground.
-g, --gradle-user-home Specifies the gradle user home directory.
-I, --init-script Specify an initialization script.
-i, --info Set log level to info.
--include-build Include the specified build in the composite.
-M, --write-verification-metadata Generates checksums for dependencies used in the project (comma-separated list)
-m, --dry-run Run the builds with all task actions disabled.
--max-workers Configure the number of concurrent workers Gradle is allowed to use.
--no-build-cache Disables the Gradle build cache.
--no-configuration-cache Disables the configuration cache. [incubating]
--no-configure-on-demand Disables the use of configuration on demand. [incubating]
--no-daemon Do not use the Gradle daemon to run the build. Useful occasionally if you have configured Gradle to always run with the daemon by default.
--no-parallel Disables parallel execution to build projects.
--no-scan Disables the creation of a build scan. For more information about build scans, please visit https://gradle.com/build-scans.
--no-watch-fs Disables watching the file system.
--offline Execute the build without accessing network resources.
-P, --project-prop Set project property for the build script (e.g. -Pmyprop=myvalue).
-p, --project-dir Specifies the start directory for Gradle. Defaults to current directory.
--parallel Build projects in parallel. Gradle will attempt to determine the optimal number of executor threads to use.
--priority Specifies the scheduling priority for the Gradle daemon and all processes launched by it. Values are 'normal' (default) or 'low'
--profile Profile build execution time and generates a report in the <build_dir>/reports/profile directory.
--project-cache-dir Specify the project-specific cache directory. Defaults to .gradle in the root project directory.
-q, --quiet Log errors only.
--refresh-dependencies Refresh the state of dependencies.
--refresh-keys Refresh the public keys used for dependency verification.
--rerun-tasks Ignore previously cached task results.
-S, --full-stacktrace Print out the full (very verbose) stacktrace for all exceptions.
-s, --stacktrace Print out the stacktrace for all exceptions.
--scan Creates a build scan. Gradle will emit a warning if the build scan plugin has not been applied. (https://gradle.com/build-scans)
--status Shows status of running and recently stopped Gradle Daemon(s).
--stop Stops the Gradle Daemon if it is running.
-t, --continuous Enables continuous build. Gradle does not exit and will re-execute tasks when task file inputs change.
--update-locks Perform a partial update of the dependency lock, letting passed in module notations change version. [incubating]
-v, --version Print version info.
-w, --warn Set log level to warn.
--warning-mode Specifies which mode of warnings to generate. Values are 'all', 'fail', 'summary'(default) or 'none'
--watch-fs Enables watching the file system for changes, allowing data about the file system to be re-used for the next build.
--write-locks Persists dependency resolution for locked configurations, ignoring existing locking information if it exists
-x, --exclude-task Specify a task to be excluded from execution.1、日志选项（控制输出量）
-q, --quiet Log errors only.
-d, --debug Log in debug mode (includes normal stacktrace).少用
-i, --info Set log level to info.用于理解构建步骤
下面两个选项能与其他选项一起使用
-s, --stacktrace Print out the stacktrace for all exceptions.
-S, --full-stacktrace Print out the full (very verbose) stacktrace for all exceptions.
2、执行其他文件夹下的其他名字的构建文件
默认情况下，gradle命令执行当前文件夹下的build.gradle文件。
①执行其他文件夹的build.gradle文件
假如当前文件夹如下图：
这时我们想执行demo2中的构建文件怎么办？
使用-p, --project-dir Specifies the start directory for Gradle. Defaults to current directory.
具体如下：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>cd ..
E:\java\tools\gradle>gradle --project-dir demo2 -q hello2
print hello2②执行其他名字的构建文件
假如要执行下图的构建文件：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle --build-file aa.bb -q TasknameHello
print hello3、运行任务但不真正执行
-m, --dry-run Run the builds with all task actions disabled.
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle -m TH tasks
> Configure project :
print hello
:TasknameHello SKIPPED
:tasks SKIPPED
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 2s目的是观察任务。
gradle在执行任务之前创建一个有向非循环图，保证了按依赖顺序执行任务和任务只执行一次。
4、更快得构建（Gradle daemon）
每次我们调用gradle命令时，就会启动新的jvm，然后载入Gradle类和库，最后执行构建。所以为了更快得构建，希望不用再重复构建之前的步骤，那么加上--daemon选项，就会启动一个新的java进程作为daemon进程，这个进程将会拥有Gradle类和库并驻留内存。
在我们这个版本的Gradle，默认就会启动daemon进程，如下：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle TH
Starting a Gradle Daemon, 6 stopped Daemons could not be reused, use --status for details
> Configure project :
print hello
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 7s当我们再次执行gradle命令时，还是会启动新的jvm，如下图：
但因为有daemon进程在，所以构建会很快：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle TH
> Configure project :
print hello
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 1s 之后会自动关闭新的jvm，只剩下daemon进程，如下图：
daemon进程启动后，我们也可以不用它，如下：
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle --no-daemon TH
To honour the JVM settings for this build a single-use Daemon process will be forked. See https://docs.gradle.org/7.2/userguide/gradle_daemon.html#sec:disabling_the_daemon.
Daemon will be stopped at the end of the build
> Configure project :
print hello
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 8s关闭daemon进程：gradle --stop。
如果操作系统支持别名，那么alias gradleplus=‘gradle --daemon’，那么想用daemon进程时，只要执行gradleplus即可。
设置属性来使用daemon进程，两种方式：
命令行 export GRADLE_OPTS="-Dorg.gradle.daemon=true"
配置文件 在项目根目录创建gradle.properties,输入org.gradle.daemon=true
5、查看构建中某些步骤、任务所花时间（--profile）
E:\java\tools\gradle\demo>gradle --profile TH
Starting a Gradle Daemon (subsequent builds will be faster)
> Configure project :
print hello
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 19s
See the profiling report at: file:///E:/java/tools/gradle/demo/build/reports/profile/profile-2022-06-12-15-32-38.html
A fine-grained performance profile is available: use the --scan option.查看build/reports/profile/profile-2022-06-12-15-32-38.html：
6、离线模式使用gradle（--offline）
如果所需资源都已经准备好，可以使用离线模式。
八、可视化gradle
--gui 但7.2版本没有这个命令行选项
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