[翻译]移植代码到Python3(二)

标准库的重组织
-移除了"愚蠢的老东西"
-模块重命名，遵循PEP-8(Python Enhancement Proposals，Style Guide for Python Code)
-工具2to3可以帮你完成大部分移植工作

 

Python2中糟糕的名字，违反了PEP 8

Python2	Python3
import _winreg import ConfigParser import copy_reg import Queue import SocketServer import __builtin__ import repr import test.test_support	import winreg import configparser import copyreg import queue import socketserver import builtins import reprlib import test.support

 

Python3中自动使用优化的实现

Python2	Python3
try:     import cStringIO as StringIO except ImportError:     import StringIO try:     import cPickle as pickle except ImportError:     import pickle	import io         import pickle

Python2	Python3
import HTMLParser import htmlentitydefs import xmlrpclib import DocXMLRPCServer import SimpleXMLRPCServer import dbhash import dbm import gdbm import anydbm import whichdb	import html.parser import html.entities import xmlrpc.client import xmlrpc.server   import dbm.bsd import dbm.ndbm import dbm.gnu import dbm

 

-移除了一些模块：compiler,popen2 htmllib, sgmllib, urllib,md5等等
-工具2to3不处理这些
-重写你的代码，避免使用弃用的模块
-从PEP 3108查看所有的替换

附注：pickle数据需要重新产生(即两个版本产生的格式不一样)

 

$ python2.6 >>> import pickle >>> pickle.dump(map, open("test.pickle", "wb")) >>> pickle.load(open("test.pickle", "rb")) <builtin function map> $ python3.0 >>> import pickle >>> pickle.load(open("test.pickle", "rb")) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ImportError: No module named __builtin__

 

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iterators和views
-许多API不再返回列表，而是返回一个iterator或view
-例如dict.keys()，.values()和.items()返回views。

>>> {1: 0}.keys() <dict_keys object at 0x7ffdf8d53d00>
-view是一个类似集合的对象，可以进行标准的集合操作，如加和减
for node in (graph.keys() current_node): ...
map()，filter()，zip()返回iterators。

Python2	Python3
a = map(lambda x: x[1], items) for name in map(str.lower, names):      ... a = filter(lambda n: n%2==0, nums) for key in filter(str.isdigit, keys):      ... dict(zip(sins, persons))	a = [x[1] for x in items] no change   a = [n for n in nums if n%2==0]   no change     no change

-xrange()是新的range().
-大部分代码不需要修改

特殊方法：slicing
-__getslice__和friends不再支持
-使用__getitem__来替代

class Array: def __getitem__(self, x): if isinstance(x, slice): start, stop, step = x.indices(len(self)) ... else: try: index = x.__index__() except AttributeError: raise TypeError("indices must be integers") ...

特殊方法：丰富的比较

取消了3路比较

Python2

class Number: ... def __cmp__(self, other): if self.value == other.value: return 0 elif self.value < other.value: return 1 else: return 1 ...

Python3

class Number: ... def __eq__(self, other): return self.value == other.value def __lt__(self, other): return self.value < other.value def __gt__(self, other): return self.value > other.value def __le__(self, other): return self.value <= other.value def __ge__(self, other): return self.value >= other.value ...

 

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语法改变：异常

 

Python2	Python3
try:     with open(fn, 'r') as f:         lines = list(f) except (IOError, OSError), err:     log_error(err)	try:     with open(fn, 'r') as f:         lines = list(f) except (IOError, OSError) as err:     log_error(err)

 

语法改变：相关引入

json/
 |-  encoder.py
 |-  decoder.py
 |-  __init__.py

在文件__init__.py中:

from .encoder import JSONEncoder from .decoder import JSONDecoder

 

语法改变：set和dict理解

-新集合语法

{1, 3, 5} set() <-----没有空set语法

-集合理解

{x for x in iterable}

-辞典理解

{k : v for k, v in iterable}

 

语法改变：其他细微差别

-扩展可迭代拆包

a, b, *c = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

-nonlocal声明用于访问外部变量

-函数注解

def readinto(b: bytearray) -> int:     ...

 

(未完待续)