Verification(验证)

Faults and failures

Mistake vs. Fault vs. Failure

　　Mistake:A human action that produces an incorrect result

　　Fault: An incorrect step, process or data definition in a computer program

　　Failure: An incorrect result. The result of the fault

　　　　

Some common types of program fault

Logic errors - the program does not match the specification (e.g. the requirements, or design)

　　Divide by zero

　　Infinite loops

　　Exceeding array bounds

　　Using an uninitialised variable …

Software availability

　　Availability is an important quality attribute of software systems

　　It concerned with system failure and its associated consequences

　　Repair time: recovery time from a failure

　　　　　　

Verification and validation

Verification is any activity intended to detect faults in software and/or generate confidence that software conforms to its requirements

　　"Are we building the product right”.

　　The software should conform to its specification.

Validation: is the process of evaluating software to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements

　　"Are we building the right product”.

　　The software should do what the user really requires.

　　　　　　　　

 

There are two main approaches to verification:

　　Testing - where we attempt to demonstrate some behaviour by running the code

　　Formal verification-  formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics

Testing vs. formal verification:

　　Testing is more commonly used

　　Formal verification is more difficult, hence more costly

 

What is testing?

　　Testing is running the program to see what it does

　　Detecting deviations from the specifications

　　Detecting behaviour in violation of common sense

　　Learning about the behaviour of a system (help you to understand the system better)

　　You may not understand the methods, classes, packages you adopted

　　You may not know the system’s behaviour in an operation system or hardware system

Kinds of testing

Low-level testing (performed by developers)

　　Unit (module) testing

　　Integration testing

High-level testing (preferably performed by independent test group)

System function testing

　　Acceptance testing

　　Usability testing

　　Stress testing

　　Performance testing

　　…  

High level testing

 

System function testing

　　-Test program as a whole

　　-Detect discrepancies between program's functional specifications and its actual behaviour

Usability testing:  

　　Evaluate a product by testing it on users

　　Measures the usability, or ease of use

Performance testing:

　　Testing performed to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload

Stress testing:

　　A form of deliberately intense or thorough testing used to determine the stability of a given system or entity Involves testing beyond normal operational capacity, often to a breaking point, in order to observe the results

 

Low level testing

　　Unit (module) testing

　　Components must be tested in isolation

　　A functional test can tell you that a bug exists in the implementation

　　A unit test tells you where the bug is located

 

　　Integration testing

　　Combining and testing multiple components

　　Discover errors in the interfaces between component

　　　　　　

Black-box

　　Specification oriented: does the software implement the specification?

　　　　Pros: we are testing what we need to test (what will be delivered)

　　　　Cons: are we sure we know what we need to test? We won’t test all possible behaviours

White-box

　　Code oriented: if we exercise the code in all possible ways (or the most probably ways) do we get good behaviour?

　　　　Pros: finds all (or many) interesting behaviours

　　　　Cons: quickly gets difficult as code gets larger - to the point of impracticality

 

 

Flow graph:

 

　　Each circle represents one or more procedural statements, a decision condition, or the end of a decision (end if)

　　The arrows on the flow graph, called edges or links, represent flow of control and are analogous to flowchart arrows.

　　An edge must terminate at a node

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

 

Summary

　　Fault is an incorrect step, process or data definition in a computer program

　　Failure is an incorrect result caused by one or more than one fault(s)

　　Availability is an important quality attribute of software products, which is concerned with system failure and its associated consequences

　　Difference between verification and validation

　　Two test design strategies: black box and white box

　　Black box testing:

　　　　Exhaustive testing Equivalence partitioning

　　White box testing:

　　　　Using flow-graph to generate test cases (you need to be able to generate a flow graph for a program and design test cases)

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/hahaccy/p/8060630.html