msdn随笔笔记(四)-extern;Linkage Specifications;Linkage;CCriticalSection

1.Using extern to Specify Linkage

Syntax
linkage-specification :
extern declarator
extern string-literal { declaration-listopt }
extern string-literal declaration
declaration-list :
declaration
declaration-list declaration
The extern keyword declares a variable or function and specifies that it has external linkage (its name is visible from files other than the one in which it's defined). When modifying a variable, extern specifies that the variable has static duration (it is allocated when the program begins and deallocated when the program ends). The variable or function may be defined in another source file, or later in the same file. Declarations of variables and functions at file scope are external by default.
For example:
int i = 1;
void other( void );
void main(){
  /* Reference to i, defined above: */
  extern int i;
  return;
}
void other( void ){
/* Address of global i assigned to pointer variable: */
  static int *external_i = &i;
/* i is redefined; global i no longer visible: */
  int i = 16;
In C++, when used with a string, extern specifies that the linkage conventions of another language are being used for the declarator(s). C functions and data can be accessed only if they are previously declared as having C linkage. However, they must be defined in a separately compiled translation unit.
Microsoft C++ supports the strings "C" and "C++" in the string-literal field. All of the standard include files use the extern "C" syntax to allow the run-time library functions to be used in C++ programs.
The following example shows alternative ways to declare names that have C linkage:
// Declare printf with C linkage.
extern "C" int printf( const char *fmt, ..