什么是DI注入?
DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入,在spring框架负责创建bean对象时,动态的将依赖对象注入到bean对象中。
简单地说,依赖注入就是给变量赋值,但是为了避免将代码写死,需要在配置文件中进行变量赋值。
DI注入的方式
- 通过属性的set方法注入值
<!-- 这里反射默认调用的是无参构造方法,如果不存在无参构造方法就会报错 -->
<bean id = "us" class="实体类的路径(包含到类名)">
<!-- 如果成员变量是简单类型(基本类型+String)用value赋值;如果是自定义引用类型用ref赋值 -->
<property name="name" value="张三"/>
<property name="userDao" ref="ud"/>
</bean>
<bean id = "ud" class="UserDao的路径(包含到类名)"/>
- 通过属性的构造方法注入值
<bean id = "us" class="实体类的路径(包含到类名)">
<constructor-arg name="name" value="李四"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg name="userDao" ref="ud"/>
</bean>
<bean id = "ud" class="UserDao的路径(包含到类名)"/>
代码示例
- 示例项目在IOC项目的基础上进行了完善,完成了一次从
Service
层到Dao
层的模拟。 - 在
Test
测试类中,run()
方法通过IOC生成了一个USerService
实现类,然后通过USerService
操纵USerDao
。
1. 创建一个UserDao类
package com.qcby.dao;
public interface UserDao {
public void hello();
}
package com.qcby.dao.impl;
import com.qcby.dao.UserDao;
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
public void hello() {
System.out.println("持久层:你好!");
}
}
2. 创建UserService类
package com.qcby.service;
public interface UserService {
public void hello();
}
package com.qcby.service.impl;
import com.qcby.dao.UserDao;
import com.qcby.service.UserService;
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
private String name;
public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public UserServiceImpl() {
}
public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao, String name) {
this.userDao = userDao;
this.name = name;
}
public void hello() {
System.out.println("业务层:你好!");
userDao.hello(); //通过业务层去调用持久层的方法
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "UserServiceImpl{" +
"userDao=" + userDao +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
3. 编写配置文件
- 如果存在多个配置文件,可以在主配置文件中使用
<import>
标签导入其他的配置文件,例如:<import resource="applicationContext2.xml"></import>
;也可以创建IOC工厂时直接加载多个配置文件,例如:ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext1.xml","applicationContext2.xml");
。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<import resource="applicationContext2.xml"></import>
</beans>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<!-- DI 构造方法注入值的方式 -->
<bean id = "us" class="com.qcby.service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
<constructor-arg name="name" value="李四"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg name="userDao" ref="ud"/>
</bean>
<bean id = "ud" class="com.qcby.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"/>
</beans>
4. 编写测试类
import com.qcby.service.UserService;
import com.qcby.service.impl.UserServiceImpl;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class UserServiceTest {
@Test
public void run() {
//创建spring ioc工厂,加载spring配置文件
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext1.xml");
//获取bean对象 (底层通过反射来获取到对象)
UserService userService = (UserService)ac.getBean("us");
//调用方法
userService.hello();
System.out.println(userService);
}
}
5. 测试结果
DI注入方式汇总
实体类
package com.qcby.service;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Properties;
public class CollectionBean {
private String[] strings;
private List<String> list;
private Map<String, String> map;
private Properties properties;//属性文件类
private UserService[] userServices;
public void setStrings(String[] strings) {
this.strings = strings;
}
public void setList(List<String> list) {
this.list = list;
}
public void setMap(Map<String, String> map) {
this.map = map;
}
public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
this.properties = properties;
}
public void setUserServices(UserService[] userServices) {
this.userServices = userServices;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "CollectionBean{" +
"strings=" + Arrays.toString(strings) +
", list=" + list +
", map=" + map +
", properties=" + properties +
", userServices=" + Arrays.toString(userServices) +
'}';
}
}
配置文件
- 如果用构造方法注入值,只需要将
<property>
标签改为<constructor-arg>
标签即可。
<bean id="co" class="com.qcby.service.CollectionBean">
<!-- 对不可变字符串数组进行赋值(set方法注入) -->
<property name="strings">
<array>
<value>张三</value>
<value>李四</value>
<value>王五</value>
</array>
</property>
<!-- 对可变字符串数组进行赋值(set方法注入) -->
<property name="list">
<list>
<value>熊大</value>
<value>熊二</value>
<value>光头强</value>
</list>
</property>
<!-- 对map数组进行赋值(set方法注入) -->
<property name="map">
<map>
<entry key="name" value="张三"></entry>
<entry key="age" value="18"></entry>
<entry key="sex" value="男"></entry>
</map>
</property>
<!-- 对属性文件类数组进行赋值(set方法注入) -->
<property name="properties">
<props>
<prop key="username">root</prop>
<prop key="password">123456</prop>
</props>
</property>
<!-- 对UserService类数组进行赋值(set方法注入) -->
<property name="userServices">
<array>
<bean class="com.qcby.service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
<!-- 给userServices类注入值(set方法注入) -->
<property name="name" value="zhangsan"></property>
<property name="userDao" ref="ud"></property>
</bean>
<ref bean="us"></ref>
</array>
</property>
</bean>