大纲
- 开始吧
- 创建 Classes
- 详细说明...
- 继承、多型（Inheritance, Polymorphism ）以及其他面向对象功能
- 内存管理
- Foundation Framework Classes
- 优点与缺点
- 更多信息
- 开始吧
- 下载这篇教学
- 所有这篇初学者指南的原始码都可以由 objc.tar.gz 下载。这篇教学中的许多范例都是由 Steve Kochan 在 Programming in Objective-C
. 一书中撰写。如果你想得到更多详细信息及范例，请直接参考该书。这个网站上登载的所有范例皆经过他的允许，所以请勿复制转载。
- 所有这篇初学者指南的原始码都可以由 objc.tar.gz 下载。这篇教学中的许多范例都是由 Steve Kochan 在 Programming in Objective-C
- 设定环境
- Linux/FreeBSD: 安装 GNUStep
- 为了编译 GNUstep 应用程序，必须先执行位于 /usr/GNUstep/System/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh 的 GNUstep.sh 这个档案。这个路径取决于你的系统环境，有些是在 /usr, some /usr/lib ，有些是 /usr/local 。如果你的 shell 是以 csh/tcsh 为基础的 shell ，则应该改用 GNUStep.csh 。建议把这个指令放在 .bashrc 或 .cshrc 中。
- Mac OS X: 安装 XCode
- Windows NT 5.X: 安装 cygwin 或 mingw ，然后安装 GNUStep
- Linux/FreeBSD: 安装 GNUStep
- 前言
- 这篇教学假设你已经有一些基本的 C 语言知识，包括 C 数据型别、什么是函式、什么是回传值、关于指针的知识以及基本的 C 语言内存管理。如果您没有这些背景知识，我非常建议你读一读 K&R 的书：The C Programming Language
（译注：台湾出版书名为 C 程序语言第二版）这是 C 语言的设计者所写的书。
- Objective-C ，是 C 的衍生语言，继承了所有 C 语言的特性。是有一些例外，但是它们不是继承于 C 的语言特性本身。
- nil ：在 C/C++ 你或许曾使用过 NULL ，而在 Objective-C 中则是 nil 。不同之处是你可以传递讯息给 nil （例如 [nil message]; ），这是完全合法的，然而你却不能对 NULL 如法炮制。
- BOOL ：C 没有正式的布尔型别，而在 Objective-C 中也不是「真的」有。它是包含在 Foundation classes （基本类别库）中（即 import NSObject.h ；nil 也是包括在这个头文件内）。BOOL 在 Objective-C 中有两种型态：YES 或 NO ，而不是 TRUE 或 FALSE 。
- #import vs #include ：就如同你在 hello world 范例中看到的，我们使用了 #import 。#import 由 gcc 编译程序支援。我并不建议使用 #include ，#import 基本上跟 .h 档头尾的 #ifndef #define #endif 相同。许多程序员们都同意，使用这些东西这是十分愚蠢的。无论如何，使用 #import 就对了。这样不但可以避免麻烦，而且万一有一天 gcc 把它拿掉了，将会有足够的 Objective-C 程序员可以坚持保留它或是将它放回来。偷偷告诉你，Apple 在它们官方的程序代码中也使用了 #import 。所以万一有一天这种事真的发生，不难预料 Apple 将会提供一个支持 #import 的 gcc 分支版本。
- 在 Objective-C 中， method 及 message 这两个字是可以互换的。不过 messages 拥有特别的特性，一个 message 可以动态的转送给另一个对象。在 Objective-C 中，呼叫对象上的一个讯息并不一定表示对象真的会实作这个讯息，而是对象知道如何以某种方式去实作它，或是转送给知道如何实作的对象。
- 这篇教学假设你已经有一些基本的 C 语言知识，包括 C 数据型别、什么是函式、什么是回传值、关于指针的知识以及基本的 C 语言内存管理。如果您没有这些背景知识，我非常建议你读一读 K&R 的书：The C Programming Language
- 编译 hello world
- 下载这篇教学
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ printf( "hello world/n" );
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- 输出
-
hello world
-
-
- 在 Objective-C 中使用 #import 代替 #include
- Objective-C 的预设扩展名是 .m
-
- 创建 classes
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
§ @end
-
-
- NSObject ：NeXTStep Object 的缩写。因为它已经改名为 OpenStep ，所以这在今天已经不是那么有意义了。
- 继承（inheritance ）以 Class: Parent 表示，就像上面的 Fraction: NSObject 。
- 夹在 @interface Class: Parent { .... } 中的称为 instance variables 。
- 没有设定访问权限（protected, public, private ）时，预设的访问权限为 protected 。设定权限的方式将在稍后说明。
- Instance methods 跟在成员变数（即 instance variables ）后。格式为：scope (returnType) methodName: (parameter1Type) parameter1Name;
- scope 有class 或 instance 两种。instance methods 以 - 开头，class level methods 以 + 开头。
- Interface 以一个 @end 作为结束。
- @implementation
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
@end
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
The fraction is: 1/3
-
-
- Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
- 这行程序代码中有很多重要的东西。
- 在 Objective-C 中呼叫 methods 的方法是 [object method] ，就像 C++ 的 object->method() 。
- Objective-C 没有 value 型别。所以没有像 C++ 的 Fraction frac; frac.print(); 这类的东西。在 Objective-C 中完全使用指针来处理对象。
- 这行程序代码实际上做了两件事： [Fraction alloc] 呼叫了 Fraction class 的 alloc method 。这就像 malloc 内存，这个动作也做了一样的事情。
- [object init] 是一个建构子（constructor ）呼叫，负责初始化对象中的所有变量。它呼叫了 [Fraction alloc] 传回的 instance 上的 init method 。这个动作非常普遍，所以通常以一行程序完成：Object *var = [[Object alloc] init];
- [frac setNumerator: 1] 非常简单。它呼叫了 frac 上的 setNumerator method 并传入 1 为参数。
- 如同每个 C 的变体，Objective-C 也有一个用以释放内存的方式： release 。它继承自 NSObject ，这个 method 在之后会有详尽的解说。
- Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
-
- 详细说明...
§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
...
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
...
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // combined set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1 andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 1/3
Fraction 2 is: 1/5
-
-
- 这个 method 实际上叫做 setNumerator:andDenominator:
- 加入其他参数的方法就跟加入第二个时一样，即 method:label1:label2:label3: ，而呼叫的方法是 [obj method: param1 label1: param2 label2: param3 label3: param4]
- Labels 是非必要的，所以可以有一个像这样的 method ：method::: ，简单的省略 label 名称，但以 : 区隔参数。并不建议这样使用。
- 建构子（Constructors ）
-
§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
...
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
...
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac3 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // combined set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1 andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Fraction 3 is: " );
§ [frac3 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§ [frac3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 1/3
§ Fraction 2 is: 1/5
Fraction 3 is: 3/10
-
-
- @interface 里的宣告就如同正常的函式。
- @implementation 使用了一个新的关键词：super
- 如同 Java ，Objective-C 只有一个 parent class （父类别）。
- 使用 [super init] 来存取 Super constructor ，这个动作需要适当的继承设计。
- 你将这个动作回传的 instance 指派给另一新个关键词：self 。Self 很像 C++ 与 Java 的 this 指标。
- if ( self ) 跟 ( self != nil ) 一样，是为了确定 super constructor 成功传回了一个新对象。nil 是 Objective-C 用来表达 C/C++ 中 NULL 的方式，可以引入 NSObject 来取得。
- 当你初始化变量以后，你用传回 self 的方式来传回自己的地址。
- 预设的建构子是 -(id) init 。
- 技术上来说，Objective-C 中的建构子就是一个 "init" method ，而不像 C++ 与 Java 有特殊的结构。
- 访问权限
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Access: NSObject {
§ @public
§ int publicVar;
§ @private
§ int privateVar;
§ int privateVar2;
§ @protected
§ int protectedVar;
§ }
@end
-
-
- Access.m
-
§ #import "Access.h"
§
§ @implementation Access
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "Access.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Access *a = [[Access alloc] init];
§
§ // works
§ a->publicVar = 5;
§ printf( "public var: %i/n", a->publicVar );
§
§ // doesn't compile
§ //a->privateVar = 10;
§ //printf( "private var: %i/n", a->privateVar );
§
§ [a release];
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
public var: 5
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ static int count;
§
§ @interface ClassA: NSObject
§ +(int) initCount;
§ +(void) initialize;
@end
-
-
- ClassA.m
-
§ #import "ClassA.h"
§
§ @implementation ClassA
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super init];
§ count++;
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ +(int) initCount {
§ return count;
§ }
§
§ +(void) initialize {
§ count = 0;
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "ClassA.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ ClassA *c1 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§ ClassA *c2 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§
§ // print count
§ printf( "ClassA count: %i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ ClassA *c3 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§
§ // print count again
§ printf( "ClassA count: %i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ [c1 release];
§ [c2 release];
§ [c3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ ClassA count: 2
ClassA count: 3
-
-
- static int count = 0; 这是 class variable 宣告的方式。其实这种变量摆在这里并不理想，比较好的解法是像 Java 实作 static class variables 的方法。然而，它确实能用。
- +(int) initCount; 这是回传 count 值的实际 method 。请注意这细微的差别！这里在 type 前面不用减号 - 而改用加号 + 。加号 + 表示这是一个 class level function 。（译注：许多文件中，class level functions 被称为 class functions 或 class method ）
- 存取这个变数跟存取一般成员变数没有两样，就像 ClassA 中的 count++ 用法。
- +(void) initialize method is 在 Objective-C 开始执行你的程序时被呼叫，而且它也被每个 class 呼叫。这是初始化像我们的 count 这类 class level variables 的好地方。
- 异常情况（Exceptions ）
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupWarningException: NSException
@end
-
-
- CupWarningException.m
-
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupWarningException
@end
-
-
- CupOverflowException.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupOverflowException: NSException
@end
-
-
- CupOverflowException.m
-
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupOverflowException
@end
-
-
- Cup.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Cup: NSObject {
§ int level;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level;
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l;
§ -(void) fill;
§ -(void) empty;
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- Cup.m
-
§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @implementation Cup
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setLevel: 0];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level {
§ return level;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l {
§ level = l;
§
§ if ( level > 100 ) {
§ // throw overflow
§ NSException *e = [CupOverflowException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupOverflowException"
§ reason: @"The level is above 100"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ } else if ( level >= 50 ) {
§ // throw warning
§ NSException *e = [CupWarningException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupWarningException"
§ reason: @"The level is above or at 50"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ } else if ( level < 0 ) {
§ // throw exception
§ NSException *e = [NSException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupUnderflowException"
§ reason: @"The level is below 0"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ }
§ }
§
§ -(void) fill {
§ [self setLevel: level + 10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) empty {
§ [self setLevel: level - 10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "Cup level is: %i/n", level );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Cup *cup = [[Cup alloc] init];
§ int i;
§
§ // this will work
§ for ( i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) {
§ [cup fill];
§ [cup print];
§ }
§
§ // this will throw exceptions
§ for ( i = 0; i < 7; i++ ) {
§ @try {
§ [cup fill];
§ } @catch ( CupWarningException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ", [[e name] cString] );
§ } @catch ( CupOverflowException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ", [[e name] cString] );
§ } @finally {
§ [cup print];
§ }
§ }
§
§ // throw a generic exception
§ @try {
§ [cup setLevel: -1];
§ } @catch ( NSException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: %s/n", [[e name] cString], [[e reason] cString] );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [cup release];
§ [pool release];
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Cup level is: 10
§ Cup level is: 20
§ Cup level is: 30
§ Cup level is: 40
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 50
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 60
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 70
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 80
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 90
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 100
§ CupOverflowException: Cup level is: 110
CupUnderflowException: The level is below 0
-
-
- NSAutoreleasePool 是一个内存管理类别。现在先别管它是干嘛的。
- Exceptions （异常情况）的丢出不需要扩充（extend ）NSException 对象，你可简单的用 id 来代表它： @catch ( id e ) { ... }
- 还有一个 finally 区块，它的行为就像 Java 的异常处理方式，finally 区块的内容保证会被呼叫。
- Cup.m 里的 @"CupOverflowException" 是一个 NSString 常数物件。在 Objective-C 中，@ 符号通常用来代表这是语言的衍生部分。C 语言形式的字符串（C string ）就像 C/C++ 一样是 "String constant" 的形式，型别为 char * 。
-
- 继承、多型（Inheritance, Polymorphism ）以及其他面向对象功能
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i / %i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
@end
-
-
- Complex.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject {
§ double real;
§ double imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
§ -(void) print;
§
@end
-
-
- Complex.m
-
§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setReal: r andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real = r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ real = r;
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary );
§ }
§
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 10 andImaginary: 15];
§ id number;
§
§ // print fraction
§ number = frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [number print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print complex
§ number = comp;
§ printf( "The complex number is: " );
§ [number print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [comp release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 1 / 10
The complex number is: 10.000000 + 15.000000i
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Rectangle: NSObject {
§ int width;
§ int height;
§ }
§
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w;
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h;
§ -(int) width;
§ -(int) height;
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- Rectangle.m
-
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Rectangle
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setWidth: w height: h];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ width = w;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ height = h;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
§ width = w;
§ height = h;
§ }
§
§ -(int) width {
§ return width;
§ }
§
§ -(int) height {
§ return height;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "width = %i, height = %i", width, height );
§ }
@end
-
-
- Square.h
-
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§
§ @interface Square: Rectangle
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s;
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s;
§ -(int) size;
@end
-
-
- Square.m
-
§ #import "Square.h"
§
§ @implementation Square
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setSize: s];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s {
§ width = s;
§ height = s;
§ }
§
§ -(int) size {
§ return width;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ [self setSize: w];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ [self setSize: h];
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec = [[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ // print em
§ printf( "Rectangle: " );
§ [rec print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Square: " );
§ [sq print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // update square
§ [sq setWidth: 20];
§ printf( "Square after change: " );
§ [sq print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [rec release];
§ [sq release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Rectangle: width = 10, height = 20
§ Square: width = 15, height = 15
Square after change: width = 20, height = 20
-
-
- 继承在 Objective-C 里比较像 Java 。当你扩充你的 super class （所以只能有一个 parent ），你想自定义这个 super class 的 method ，只要简单的在你的 child class implementation 里放上新的实作内容即可。而不需要 C++ 里呆呆的 virtual table 。
- 这里还有一个值得玩味的地方，如果你企图像这样去呼叫 rectangle 的 constructor ： Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 15] ，会发生什么事？答案是会产生一个编译程序错误。因为 rectangle constructor 回传的型别是 Rectangle* ，而不是 Square* ，所以这行不通。在某种情况下如果你真想这样用，使用 id 型别会是很好的选择。如果你想使用 parent 的 constructor ，只要把 Rectangle* 回传型别改成 id 即可。
- 动态识别（Dynamic types ）
-
| -(BOOL) isKindOfClass: classObj | is object a descendent or member of classObj |
| -(BOOL) isMemberOfClass: classObj | is object a member of classObj |
| -(BOOL) respondsToSelector: selector | does the object have a method named specifiec by the selector |
| +(BOOL) instancesRespondToSelector: selector | does an object created by this class have the ability to respond to the specified selector |
| -(id) performSelector: selector | invoke the specified selector on the object |
-
-
- 所有继承自 NSObject 都有一个可回传一个 class 物件的 class method 。这非常近似于 Java 的 getClass() method 。这个 class 对象被使用于前述的 methods 中。
- Selectors 在 Objective-C 用以表示讯息。下一个范例会秀出建立 selector 的语法。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例，并经过允许而刊载。
- main.m
-
§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec = [[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ // isMemberOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // isKindOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // respondsToSelector
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq respondsToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq respondsToSelector: @selector( nonExistant )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square responds to nonExistant method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [Square respondsToSelector: @selector( alloc )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square class responds to alloc method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // instancesRespondToSelector
§
§ // false
§ if ( [Rectangle instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "rectangle instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [Square instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [rec release];
§ [sq release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ square is a member of square class
§ square is a kind of square class
§ square is a kind of rectangle class
§ square is a kind of object class
§ square responds to setSize: method
§ square class responds to alloc method
square instance responds to setSize: method
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f;
@end
-
-
- FractionMath.m
-
§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ @implementation Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] +
§ denominator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f numerator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] -
§ denominator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac1 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac3 = [frac1 mul: frac2];
§
§ // print it
§ [frac1 print];
§ printf( " * " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( " = " );
§ [frac3 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac1 release];
§ [frac2 release];
§ [frac3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
1/3 * 2/5 = 2/15
-
-
- 重点是 @implementation 跟 @interface 这两行：@interface Fraction (Math) 以及 @implementation Fraction (Math).
- （同一个 class ）只能有一个同名的 category ，其他的 categories 得加上不同的、独一无二的名字。
- Categories 在建立 private methods 时十分有用。因为 Objective-C 并没有像 Java 这种 private/protected/public methods 的概念，所以必须要使用 categories 来达成这种功能。作法是把 private method 从你的 class header (.h) 档案移到 implementation (.m) 档案。以下是此种作法一个简短的范例。
- MyClass.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface MyClass: NSObject
§ -(void) publicMethod;
@end
-
-
- MyClass.m
-
§ #import "MyClass.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation MyClass
§ -(void) publicMethod {
§ printf( "public method/n" );
§ }
§ @end
§
§ // private methods
§ @interface MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod;
§ @end
§
§ @implementation MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod {
§ printf( "private method/n" );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "MyClass.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ MyClass *obj = [[MyClass alloc] init];
§
§ // this compiles
§ [obj publicMethod];
§
§ // this throws errors when compiling
§ //[obj privateMethod];
§
§ // free memory
§ [obj release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
public method
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface FractionB: Fraction
§ -(void) print;
§ @end
-
-
- FractionB.m
-
§ #import "FractionB.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation FractionB
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "(%i/%i)", numerator, denominator );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionB.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // make FractionB pose as Fraction
§ [FractionB poseAsClass: [Fraction class]];
§
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 3/10
The fraction is: (3/10)
-
-
- 这个程序的输出中，第一个 fraction 会输出 3/10 ，而第二个会输出 (3/10) 。这是 FractionB 中实作的方式。
- poseAsClass 这个 method 是 NSObject 的一部份，它允许 subclass 扮演 superclass 。
- Protocols
-
§ @protocol Printing
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- Fraction.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject <Printing, NSCopying> {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) copyWithZone: (NSZone*) zone {
§ return [[Fraction allocWithZone: zone] initWithNumerator: numerator
§ denominator: denominator];
§ }
@end
-
-
- Complex.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject <Printing> {
§ double real;
§ double imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
@end
-
-
- Complex.m
-
§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setReal: r andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real = r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ real = r;
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 5 andImaginary: 15];
§ id <Printing> printable;
§ id <NSCopying, Printing> copyPrintable;
§
§ // print it
§ printable = frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [printable print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print complex
§ printable = comp;
§ printf( "The complex number is: " );
§ [printable print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // this compiles because Fraction comforms to both Printing and NSCopyable
§ copyPrintable = frac;
§
§ // this doesn't compile because Complex only conforms to Printing
§ //copyPrintable = comp;
§
§ // test conformance
§
§ // true
§ if ( [frac conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Fraction conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [comp conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Complex conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [comp release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 3/10
§ The complex number is: 5.000000 + 15.000000i
Fraction conforms to NSCopying
-
-
- protocol 的宣告十分简单，基本上就是 @protocol ProtocolName (methods you must implement) @end 。
- 要遵从（conform ）某个 protocol ，将要遵从的 protocols 放在 <> 里面，并以逗点分隔。如：@interface SomeClass <Protocol1, Protocol2, Protocol3>
- protocol 要求实作的 methods 不需要放在 header 档里面的 methods 列表中。如你所见，Complex.h 档案里没有 -(void) print 的宣告，却还是要实作它，因为它（Complex class ）遵从了这个 protocol 。
- Objective-C 的接口系统有一个独一无二的观念是如何指定一个型别。比起 C++ 或 Java 的指定方式，如：Printing *someVar = ( Printing * ) frac; 你可以使用 id 型别加上 protocol ：id <Printing> var = frac; 。这让你可以动态地指定一个要求多个 protocol 的型别，却从头到尾只用了一个变数。如：<Printing, NSCopying> var = frac;
- 就像使用@selector 来测试对象的继承关系，你可以使用 @protocol 来测试对象是否遵从接口。如果对象遵从这个接口，[object conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )] 会回传一个 YES 型态的 BOOL 对象。同样地，对 class 而言也能如法炮制 [SomeClass conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )] 。
-
- 内存管理
§ ...
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ printf( "Deallocing fraction/n" );
§ [super dealloc];
§ }
...
-
-
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例，并经过允许而刊载。
- main.m
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac1 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // increment them
§ [frac1 retain]; // 2
§ [frac1 retain]; // 3
§ [frac2 retain]; // 2
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // decrement
§ [frac1 release]; // 2
§ [frac2 release]; // 1
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // release them until they dealloc themselves
§ [frac1 release]; // 1
§ [frac1 release]; // 0
§ [frac2 release]; // 0
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 3
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Deallocing fraction
Deallocing fraction
-
-
- Retain call 增加计数器值，而 release call 减少它。你可以呼叫 [obj retainCount] 来取得计数器的 int 值。 当当 retainCount 到达 0 ，两个对象都会 dealloc 自己，所以可以看到印出了两个 "Deallocing fraction" 。
- Dealloc
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @interface AddressCard: NSObject {
§ NSString *first;
§ NSString *last;
§ NSString *email;
§ }
§
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e;
§ -(NSString*) first;
§ -(NSString*) last;
§ -(NSString*) email;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f;
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l;
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*) l;
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- AddressCard.m
-
§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation AddressCard
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setFirst: f last: l email: e];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) first {
§ return first;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) last {
§ return last;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) email {
§ return email;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f {
§ [f retain];
§ [first release];
§ first = f;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l {
§ [l retain];
§ [last release];
§ last = l;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e {
§ [e retain];
§ [email release];
§ email = e;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e {
§ [self setFirst: f];
§ [self setLast: l];
§ [self setEmail: e];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*) l {
§ [self setFirst: f];
§ [self setLast: l];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%s %s <%s>", [first cString],
§ [last cString],
§ [email cString] );
§ }
§
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ [first release];
§ [last release];
§ [email release];
§
§ [super dealloc];
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSString *first =[[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Tom"];
§ NSString *last = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Jones"];
§ NSString *email = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "tom@jones.com"];
§ AddressCard *tom = [[AddressCard alloc] initWithFirst: first
§ last: last
§ email: email];
§
§ // we're done with the strings, so we must dealloc them
§ [first release];
§ [last release];
§ [email release];
§
§ // print to show the retain count
§ printf( "Retain count: %i/n", [[tom first] retainCount] );
§ [tom print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [tom release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Retain count: 1
Tom Jones <tom@jones.com>
-
-
- 如 AddressCard.m ，这个范例不仅展示如何撰写一个 dealloc method ，也展示了如何 dealloc 成员变量。
- 每个 set method 里的三个动作的顺序非常重要。假设你把自己当参数传给一个自己的 method （有点怪，不过确实可能发生）。若你先 release ，「然后」才 retain ，你会把自己给解构（destruct ，相对于建构）！这就是为什么应该要 1) retain 2) release 3) 设值 的原因。
- 通常我们不会用 C 形式字符串来初始化一个变量，因为它不支持 unicode 。下一个 NSAutoreleasePool 的例子会用展示正确使用并初始化字符串的方式。
- 这只是处理成员变量内存管理的一种方式，另一种方式是在你的 set methods 里面建立一份拷贝。
- Autorelease Pool
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSString *str1 = @"constant string";
§ NSString *str2 = [NSString stringWithString: @"string managed by the pool"];
§ NSString *str3 = [[NSString alloc] initWithString: @"self managed string"];
§
§ // print the strings
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str1 cString], [str1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str2 cString], [str2 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str3 cString], [str3 retainCount] );
§
§ // free memory
§ [str3 release];
§
§ // free pool
§ [pool release];
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ constant string retain count: ffffffff
§ string managed by the pool retain count: 1
self managed string retain count: 1
-
-
- 如果你执行这个程序，你会发现几件事：第一件事，str1 的 retainCount 为 ffffffff 。
- 另一件事，虽然我只有 release str3 ，整个程序却还是处于完美的内存管理下，原因是第一个常数字符串已经自动被加到 autorelease pool 里了。还有一件事，字符串是由 stringWithString 产生的。这个 method 会产生一个 NSString class 型别的字符串，并自动加进 autorelease pool 。
- 千万记得，要有良好的内存管理，像 [NSString stringWithString: @"String"] 这种 method 使用了 autorelease pool ，而 alloc method 如 [[NSString alloc] initWithString: @"String"] 则没有使用 auto release pool 。
- 在 Objective-C 有两种管理内存的方法， 1) retain and release or 2) retain and release/autorelease 。
- 对于每个 retain ，一定要对应一个 release 「或」一个 autorelease 。
- 下一个范例会展示我说的这点。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例，并经过允许而刊载。
- Fraction.h
-
§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ ...
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ Fraction *ret = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: n denominator: d];
§ [ret autorelease];
§
§ return ret;
§ }
...
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac1 = [Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§
§ // print frac 1
§ printf( "Fraction 1: " );
§ [frac1 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print frac 2
§ printf( "Fraction 2: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // this causes a segmentation fault
§ //[frac1 release];
§
§ // release the pool and all objects in it
§ [pool release];
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Fraction 1: 2/5
Fraction 2: 1/3
-
-
- 在这个例子里，此 method 是一个 class level method 。在对象建立后，在它上面呼叫 了 autorelease 。在 main method 里面，我从未在此对象上呼叫 release 。
- 这样行得通的原因是：对任何 retain 而言，一定要呼叫一个 release 或 autorelease 。对象的 retainCount 从 1 起跳 ，然后我在上面呼叫 1 次 autorelease ，表示 1 - 1 = 0 。当 autorelease pool 被释放时，它会计算所有对象上的 autorelease 呼叫次数，并且呼叫相同次数的 [obj release] 。
- 如同批注所说，不把那一行批注掉会造成分段错误（segment fault ）。因为对象上已经呼叫过 autorelease ，若再呼叫 release ，在释放 autorelease pool 时会试图呼叫一个 nil 对象上的 dealloc ，但这是不允许的。最后的算式会变为：1 (creation) - 1 (release) - 1 (autorelease) = -1
- 管理大量暂时对象时，autorelease pool 可以被动态地产生。你需要做的只是建立一个 pool ，执行一堆会建立大量动态对象的程序代码，然后释放这个 pool 。你可能会感到好奇，这表示可能同时有超过一个 autorelease pool 存在。
-
- Foundation framework classes
§ #import <Foundation/NSArray.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSEnumerator.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ void print( NSArray *array ) {
§ NSEnumerator *enumerator = [array objectEnumerator];
§ id obj;
§
§ while ( obj = [enumerator nextObject] ) {
§ printf( "%s/n", [[obj description] cString] );
§ }
§ }
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSArray *arr = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:
§ @"Me", @"Myself", @"I", nil];
§ NSMutableArray *mutable = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
§
§ // enumerate over items
§ printf( "----static array/n" );
§ print( arr );
§
§ // add stuff
§ [mutable addObject: @"One"];
§ [mutable addObject: @"Two"];
§ [mutable addObjectsFromArray: arr];
§ [mutable addObject: @"Three"];
§
§ // print em
§ printf( "----mutable array/n" );
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // sort then print
§ printf( "----sorted mutable array/n" );
§ [mutable sortUsingSelector: @selector( caseInsensitiveCompare: )];
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // free memory
§ [arr release];
§ [mutable release];
§ [pool release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ ----static array
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ ----mutable array
§ One
§ Two
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ Three
§ ----sorted mutable array
§ I
§ Me
§ Myself
§ One
§ Three
Two
-
-
- 数组有两种（通常是 Foundation classes 中最数据导向的部分），NSArray 跟 NSMutableArray ，顾名思义，mutable （善变的）表示可以被改变，而 NSArray 则不行。这表示你可以制造一个 NSArray 但却不能改变它的长度。
- 你可以用 Obj, Obj, Obj, ..., nil 为参数呼叫建构子来初始化一个数组，其中 nil 表示结尾符号。
- 排序（sorting ）展示如何用 selector 来排序一个对象，这个 selector 告诉数组用 NSString 的忽略大小写顺序来排序。如果你的对象有好几个排序方法，你可以使用这个 selector 来选择你想用的方法。
- 在 print method 里，我使用了 description method 。它就像 Java 的 toString ，会回传对象的 NSString 表示法。
- NSEnumerator 很像 Java 的列举系统。while ( obj = [array objectEnumerator] ) 行得通的理由是 objectEnumerator 会回传最后一个对象的 nil 。在 C 里 nil 通常代表 0 ，也就是 false 。改用 ( ( obj = [array objectEnumerator] ) != nil ) 也许更好。
- NSDictionary
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSDictionary.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSEnumerator.h>
§ #import <Foundation/Foundation.h<
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ void print( NSDictionary *map ) {
§ NSEnumerator *enumerator = [map keyEnumerator];
§ id key;
§
§ while ( key = [enumerator nextObject] ) {
§ printf( "%s => %s/n",
§ [[key description] cString],
§ [[[map objectForKey: key] description] cString] );
§ }
§ }
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSDictionary *dictionary = [[NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjectsAndKeys:
§ @"one", [NSNumber numberWithInt: 1],
§ @"two", [NSNumber numberWithInt: 2],
§ @"three", [NSNumber numberWithInt: 3],
§ nil];
§ NSMutableDictionary *mutable = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
§
§ // print dictionary
§ printf( "----static dictionary/n" );
§ print( dictionary );
§
§ // add objects
§ [mutable setObject: @"Tom" forKey: @"tom@jones.com"];
§ [mutable setObject: @"Bob" forKey: @"bob@dole.com" ];
§
§ // print mutable dictionary
§ printf( "----mutable dictionary/n" );
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // free memory
§ [dictionary release];
§ [mutable release];
§ [pool release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ ----static dictionary
§ 1 => one
§ 2 => two
§ 3 => three
§ ----mutable dictionary
§ bob@dole.com => Bob
tom@jones.com => Tom
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Last modified: April 13, 2004.
中文翻译：William Shih (xamous) ，January 7, 2005
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