简单算术表达式的求值程序

题目：

写一个三则运算(加减乘)表达式的求值程序，为了简化，规定数字只有一位，表达式内没有空格，但允许有括号。满足四则运算的结合性和优先级。

解答：
这是一道编译原理题，题目的要求把词法分析简单化了，只做语法分析。一般使用递归下降法求解。

首先写出BNF（包括结合性和优先权）。

exp → exp addop term | t e r m

addop →   +   |   -

term → term mulop factor | f a c t o r

mulop →   *

factor →   (   exp   )   |   number

相对应的EBNF是

exp → t erm { addop term }

addop →   +   |   -

term → factor { mulop factor }

mulop →   *

factor →   (   exp   )   |  number

可以看出EBNF从exp下降到term，再下降到factor，然后递归回到exp 。 这就是递归下降法名字的由来。

然后对应EBNF直接编码，可以看出错误检测的代码并没有反映在上面的表示中：

int  factor( const   char *& txt);

int  term( const   char *& txt);

int  exp( const   char *& txt)

{

                   int  v = term(txt);

                   while  (*txt)

                {

                                   if  ( *txt ==  '+'   )

                                {

                                                ++txt;

                                                   int  v2 = term(txt);

                                                v += v2;

                                }

                                   else   if   ( *txt ==  '-'  )

                                {

                                                ++txt;

                                                   int  v2 = term(txt);

                                                v -= v2;

                                }

                                   else

                                {

                                                   break  ;

                                }

                }

                   return  v;

}

int  term( const   char *& txt)

{

                   int  v = factor(txt);

                   while  (*txt)

                {

                                   if  ( *txt ==  '*'   )

                                {

                                                ++txt;

                                                   int  v2 = term(txt);

                                                v *= v2;

                                }

                                   else

                                {

                                                   break  ;

                                }

                }

                   return  v;

}

int  factor( const   char *& txt)

{

                   if  (isdigit(*txt))

                {

                                   int  v = *txt -  '0'   ;

                                ++txt;

                                   return  v;

                }

                   else   if   (*txt ==  '(' )

                {

                                ++txt;

                                   int  v = exp(txt);

                                   if  (*txt ==  ')'   )

                                {

                                                ++txt;

                                                   return  v;

                                }

                                   else

                                                   throw   "invalid expression"   ;

                }

                   else

                {

                                   throw   "invalid expression"   ;

                }

}

int  calculate( const   char * txt)

{

                   if  (txt ==  nullptr   )

                                   throw   "invalid expression"   ;

                   int  v = exp(txt);

                     // this is necessary, or 3+4)*5 will be a valid expression.

                      if  (*txt)

                                   throw   "invalid expression"   ;

                   return  v;

}

/* Driver program to test above function */

int  main()

{

                cout << calculate(   "3"  ) << endl;

                cout << calculate(   "3*4"  ) << endl;

                cout << calculate(   "3+4"  ) << endl;

                cout << calculate(   "3+4*5"  ) << endl;

                cout << calculate(   "(3+4)*5"  ) << endl;

                cout << calculate(   "3*4+5"  ) << endl;

                   try

                {

                                cout << calculate(   "(3+4*5"  ) << endl;

                }

                   catch  ( const   char * e)

                {

                                cout << e << endl;

                }

                   try

                {

                                cout << calculate(   "3+4)*5"  ) << endl;

                }

                   catch  ( const   char * e)

                {

                                cout << e << endl;

                }

                   try

                {

                                cout << calculate(   "3*4+"  ) << endl;

                }

                   catch  ( const   char * e)

                {

                                cout << e << endl;

                }

                   try

                {

                                cout << calculate(   "3*4+x"  ) << endl;

                }

                   catch  ( const   char * e)

                {

                                cout << e << endl;

                }

                   try

                {

                                cout << calculate(   ""  ) << endl;

                }

                   catch  ( const   char * e)

                {

                                cout << e << endl;

                }

                   return  0;

}