SQL函数的两种类型:单行函数、多行函数
单行函数
一.特征和分类
1.单行函数的特征:
作用于查询中返回的每一行
每行返回一个结果
可能返回一个与参数不同类型的数据值
可能需要一个或多个参数
能够用在SELECT、WHERE和ORDER BY子句中;
可以嵌套
2.单行函数的分类:
2.1字符函数:接受字符输入,可以返回字符或者数字值
2.2数字函数:接受数字输入,返回数字值
2.3日期函数:对DATE数据类型的值进行运算 (除了MONTHS_BETWEEN函数返回一个数字,所有日期函数都返回一个DATE数据类型的值。)
2.4转换函数:从一个数据类型到另一个数据类型转换一个值
2.5通用函数:NVL,DECODE
二.使用
SQL> set linesize 140
SQL> set pagesize 20
SQL> --字符函数
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-12月-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-2月 -81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-2月 -81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-4月 -81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-9月 -81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-5月 -81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-6月 -81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-4月 -87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-11月-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-9月 -81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-5月 -87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-12月-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-12月-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-1月 -82 1300 10
已选择14行。
SQL> --小写显示员工姓名
SQL> select empno,lower(ename),job,sal from emp;
EMPNO LOWER(ENAM JOB SAL
---------- ---------- --------- ----------
7369 smith CLERK 800
7499 allen SALESMAN 1600
7521 ward SALESMAN 1250
7566 jones MANAGER 2975
7654 martin SALESMAN 1250
7698 blake MANAGER 2850
7782 clark MANAGER 2450
7788 scott ANALYST 3000
7839 king PRESIDENT 5000
7844 turner SALESMAN 1500
7876 adams CLERK 1100
7900 james CLERK 950
7902 ford ANALYST 3000
7934 miller CLERK 1300
已选择14行。
SQL> select upper('Hello world');
select upper('Hello world')
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-00923: 未找到要求的 FROM 关键字
SQL> select upper('Hello world') from emp;
UPPER('HELL
-----------
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
HELLO WORLD
已选择14行。
SQL> --当执行的查询与任何表都没有关系是,可以使用dual同义词
SQL> select upper('Hello world') from dual;
UPPER('HELL
-----------
HELLO WORLD
SQL> select lower('Hello WORLD') 转小写,upper('Hello WORLD') 转大写,initcap('Hello worLD') 首字赚大写 from dual;
转小写 转大写 首字赚大写
----------- ----------- -----------
hello world HELLO WORLD Hello World
SQL> select concat('aaa','BBB') 连接 from dual;
连接
------
aaaBBB
SQL> select 'aaa' || 'BBB' 连接 from dual;
连接
------
aaaBBB
SQL> select substr('abcdefghijk',4),substr('abcdefghijk',4,3) from dual;
SUBSTR(' SUB
-------- ---
defghijk def
SQL> --字符个数
SQL> select length('hello') ,length('中国') from dual;
LENGTH('HELLO') LENGTH('中国')
--------------- --------------
5 2
SQL> select length('中国') 字符数,lengthb('中国') 字节数 from dual;
字符数 字节数
---------- ----------
2 4
SQL> --查找字符出现的位置
SQL> select instr('hello world','o'),instr('hello world','O'),instr('Hello world','o',6) from dual;
INSTR('HELLOWORLD','O') INSTR('HELLOWORLD','O') INSTR('HELLOWORLD','O',6)
----------------------- ----------------------- -------------------------
5 0 8
SQL> --左右填充
SQL> select lpad('hello',10,'*'),rpad('hello',10,'*') from dual;
LPAD('HELL RPAD('HELL
---------- ----------
*****hello hello*****
SQL> --员工姓名显示为10位,右对齐
SQL> select empno,lpad(ename,10,' '),job,sal from emp;
EMPNO LPAD(ENAME,10,'') JOB SAL
---------- -------------------- --------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 800
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100
7900 JAMES CLERK 950
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300
已选择14行。
SQL> --显示名字为4个字符的员工的信息
SQL> select * from emp where length(ename) = 4;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-2月 -81 1250 500 30
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-11月-81 5000 10
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-12月-81 3000 20
SQL> select length(' aaa aaa ') from dual;
LENGTH('AAAAAA')
----------------
12
SQL> select length( trim(' aaa aaa ')) from dual;
LENGTH(TRIM('AAAAAA'))
----------------------
7
SQL> --删除字符串两边指定的字符
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> select trim( 'h' from 'hhello hworldhhhh') from dual;
TRIM('H'FRO
-----------
ello hworld
SQL> --替换
SQL> select replace('hello world', 'o' ,'#') from dual;
REPLACE('HE
-----------
hell# w#rld
SQL> --数字函数
SQL>
SQL> select round(45.926,2),round(45.926,1),round(45.926,0),round(45.926 -1) from dual;
ROUND(45.926,2) ROUND(45.926,1) ROUND(45.926,0) ROUND(45.926-1)
--------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
45.93 45.9 46 45
SQL> select round(45.926,2),round(45.926,1),round(45.926,0),round(45.926, -1) from dual;
ROUND(45.926,2) ROUND(45.926,1) ROUND(45.926,0) ROUND(45.926,-1)
--------------- --------------- --------------- ----------------
45.93 45.9 46 50
SQL> ed
已写入 file afiedt.buf
1* select trunc(45.926,2),trunc(45.926,1),trunc(45.926,0),trunc(45.926, -1) from dual
SQL> /
TRUNC(45.926,2) TRUNC(45.926,1) TRUNC(45.926,0) TRUNC(45.926,-1)
--------------- --------------- --------------- ----------------
45.92 45.9 45 40
SQL> --求余
SQL> select mod(17,5) from dual;
MOD(17,5)
----------
2
SQL> select sysdate 今天 from dual;
今天
--------------
12-5月 -17
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8001,''李四','MANAGER',2500,'2015-10-15');
ERROR:
ORA-01756: 引号内的字符串没有正确结束
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8001,'李四','MANAGER',2500,'2015-10-15');
insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8001,'李四','MANAGER',2500,'2015-10-15')
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-01861: 文字与格式字符串不匹配
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8001,'李四','MANAGER',2500,'15-10月 -15');
已创建 1 行。
SQL> --当前会话参数
SQL> select * from v$nls_parameters ;
PARAMETER VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
NLS_LANGUAGE SIMPLIFIED CHINESE
NLS_TERRITORY CHINA
NLS_CURRENCY ¥
NLS_ISO_CURRENCY CHINA
NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS .,
NLS_CALENDAR GREGORIAN
NLS_DATE_FORMAT DD-MON-RR
NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE SIMPLIFIED CHINESE
NLS_CHARACTERSET ZHS16GBK
NLS_SORT BINARY
NLS_TIME_FORMAT HH.MI.SSXFF AM
NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT DD-MON-RR HH.MI.SSXFF AM
NLS_TIME_TZ_FORMAT HH.MI.SSXFF AM TZR
NLS_TIMESTAMP_TZ_FORMAT DD-MON-RR HH.MI.SSXFF AM TZR
NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY ¥
NLS_NCHAR_CHARACTERSET AL16UTF16
NLS_COMP BINARY
PARAMETER VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS BYTE
NLS_NCHAR_CONV_EXCP FALSE
已选择19行。
SQL> --修改会话中的日期格式
SQL> alter session set NLS_DATE_FORMAT='yyyy-mm-dd';
会话已更改。
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
8001 李四 MANAGER 2015-10-15 2500
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 1980-12-17 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-20 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-22 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 1981-04-02 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-28 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 1981-05-01 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 1981-06-09 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 1987-04-19 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1981-11-17 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-08 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 1987-05-23 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 1981-12-03 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 1981-12-03 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 1982-01-23 1300 10
已选择15行。
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8002,'李4','MANAGER',2500,'15-10月 -15');
insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8002,'李4','MANAGER',2500,'15-10月 -15')
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-01861: 文字与格式字符串不匹配
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8002,'李4','MANAGER',2500,'2015-10-16');
已创建 1 行。
SQL> select sysdate - 1 昨天,sysdate 今天,sysage + 1 明天 from dual;
select sysdate - 1 昨天,sysdate 今天,sysage + 1 明天 from dual
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-00904: "SYSAGE": 标识符无效
SQL> select sysdate - 1 昨天,sysdate 今天,sysdate + 1 明天 from dual;
昨天 今天 明天
---------- ---------- ----------
2017-05-11 2017-05-12 2017-05-13
SQL> --查询用员入职的天数,周数,月数,年数
SQL> select sysdate - hiredate 天数,(sysdate - hiredate)/7 周数,(sysdate-hiredate)/30 月数,(sysdate-hiredate) /365 年数 from dual;
select sysdate - hiredate 天数,(sysdate - hiredate)/7 周数,(sysdate-hiredate)/30 月数,(sysdate-hiredate) /365 年数 from dual
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-00904: "HIREDATE": 标识符无效
SQL> select sysdate - hiredate 天数,(sysdate - hiredate)/7 周数,(sysdate-hiredate)/30 月数,(sysdate-hiredate) /365 年数 from emp;
天数 周数 月数 年数
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
575.41088 82.2015542 19.1803627 1.57646816
574.41088 82.0586971 19.1470293 1.57372844
13295.4109 1899.34441 443.180363 36.4257832
13230.4109 1890.0587 441.013696 36.247701
13228.4109 1889.77298 440.947029 36.2422216
13189.4109 1884.20155 439.647029 36.1353723
13010.4109 1858.63013 433.680363 35.6449613
13160.4109 1880.0587 438.680363 36.0559202
13121.4109 1874.48727 437.380363 35.9490709
10981.4109 1568.77298 366.047029 30.0860572
12960.4109 1851.48727 432.013696 35.507975
13030.4109 1861.48727 434.347029 35.6997558
10947.4109 1563.91584 364.913696 29.9929065
12944.4109 1849.20155 431.480363 35.4641394
12944.4109 1849.20155 431.480363 35.4641394
12893.4109 1841.91584 429.780363 35.3244134
已选择16行。
SQL> select empno,ename,hiredate, sysdate - hiredate 天数,(sysdate - hiredate)/7 周数,(sysdate-hiredate)/30 月数,(sysdate-hiredate) /365 年数 from emp;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE 天数 周数 月数 年数
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
8001 李四 2015-10-15 575.4111 82.2015856 19.18037 1.57646877
8002 李4 2015-10-16 574.4111 82.0587285 19.1470367 1.57372904
7369 SMITH 1980-12-17 13295.4111 1899.34444 443.18037 36.4257838
7499 ALLEN 1981-02-20 13230.4111 1890.05873 441.013703 36.2477016
7521 WARD 1981-02-22 13228.4111 1889.77301 440.947037 36.2422222
7566 JONES 1981-04-02 13189.4111 1884.20159 439.647037 36.1353729
7654 MARTIN 1981-09-28 13010.4111 1858.63016 433.68037 35.6449619
7698 BLAKE 1981-05-01 13160.4111 1880.05873 438.68037 36.0559208
7782 CLARK 1981-06-09 13121.4111 1874.4873 437.38037 35.9490715
7788 SCOTT 1987-04-19 10981.4111 1568.77301 366.047037 30.0860578
7839 KING 1981-11-17 12960.4111 1851.4873 432.013703 35.5079756
7844 TURNER 1981-09-08 13030.4111 1861.4873 434.347037 35.6997564
7876 ADAMS 1987-05-23 10947.4111 1563.91587 364.913703 29.9929071
7900 JAMES 1981-12-03 12944.4111 1849.20159 431.48037 35.46414
7902 FORD 1981-12-03 12944.4111 1849.20159 431.48037 35.46414
7934 MILLER 1982-01-23 12893.4111 1841.91587 429.78037 35.324414
已选择16行。
SQL> select empno,ename,hiredate, (sysdate - hiredate)/30 月数,month_between(sysdate,hiredate) from emp;
select empno,ename,hiredate, (sysdate - hiredate)/30 月数,month_between(sysdate,hiredate) from emp
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-00904: "MONTH_BETWEEN": 标识符无效
SQL> select empno,ename,hiredate, (sysdate - hiredate)/30 月数,months_between(sysdate,hiredate) from emp;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE 月数 MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------------------------------
8001 李四 2015-10-15 19.180402 18.9165181
8002 李4 2015-10-16 19.1470687 18.88426
7369 SMITH 1980-12-17 443.180402 436.852002
7499 ALLEN 1981-02-20 441.013735 434.755228
7521 WARD 1981-02-22 440.947069 434.690712
7566 JONES 1981-04-02 439.647069 433.335873
7654 MARTIN 1981-09-28 433.680402 427.497163
7698 BLAKE 1981-05-01 438.680402 432.368131
7782 CLARK 1981-06-09 437.380402 431.110066
7788 SCOTT 1987-04-19 366.047069 360.787486
7839 KING 1981-11-17 432.013735 425.852002
7844 TURNER 1981-09-08 434.347069 428.142325
7876 ADAMS 1987-05-23 364.913735 359.658454
7900 JAMES 1981-12-03 431.480402 425.303615
7902 FORD 1981-12-03 431.480402 425.303615
7934 MILLER 1982-01-23 429.780402 423.658454
已选择16行。
SQL> --10个后的日期
SQL> select add_months(sysdate,10) from dual;
ADD_MONTHS
----------
2018-03-12
SQL> --本月的最后一天
SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
LAST_DAY(S
----------
2017-05-31
SQL> --上月的最后一天
SQL> select last_day(add_month(sysdate,-1)) from dual;
select last_day(add_month(sysdate,-1)) from dual
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-00904: "ADD_MONTH": 标识符无效
SQL> select last_day(add_months(sysdate,-1)) from dual;
LAST_DAY(A
----------
2017-04-30
SQL> --下一个星期六的日期
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'星期六') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(S
----------
2017-05-20
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'星期日') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(S
----------
2017-05-14
SQL> select round(sysdate,'MONTH') from dual;
ROUND(SYSD
----------
2017-05-01
SQL> select round(sysdate+3,'MONTH') from dual;
ROUND(SYSD
----------
2017-06-01
SQL> --员工的入职日期显示为 xxxx年xx月xx日
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
8001 李四 MANAGER 2015-10-15 2500
8002 李4 MANAGER 2015-10-16 2500
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 1980-12-17 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-20 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-22 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 1981-04-02 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-28 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 1981-05-01 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 1981-06-09 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 1987-04-19 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1981-11-17 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-08 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 1987-05-23 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 1981-12-03 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 1981-12-03 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 1982-01-23 1300 10
已选择16行。
SQL> select empno,ename,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy年mm月dd日'),to_char(sal,'L9,999.99') from emp;
select empno,ename,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy年mm月dd日'),to_char(sal,'L9,999.99') from emp
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-01821: 日期格式无法识别
SQL> select empno,ename,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy-mm-dd'),to_char(sal,'L9,999.99') from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB TO_CHAR(HI TO_CHAR(SAL,'L9,999
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------------
8001 李四 MANAGER 2015-10-15 ¥2,500.00
8002 李4 MANAGER 2015-10-16 ¥2,500.00
7369 SMITH CLERK 1980-12-17 ¥800.00
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1981-02-20 ¥1,600.00
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1981-02-22 ¥1,250.00
7566 JONES MANAGER 1981-04-02 ¥2,975.00
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1981-09-28 ¥1,250.00
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 1981-05-01 ¥2,850.00
7782 CLARK MANAGER 1981-06-09 ¥2,450.00
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 1987-04-19 ¥3,000.00
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1981-11-17 ¥5,000.00
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1981-09-08 ¥1,500.00
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1987-05-23 ¥1,100.00
7900 JAMES CLERK 1981-12-03 ¥950.00
7902 FORD ANALYST 1981-12-03 ¥3,000.00
7934 MILLER CLERK 1982-01-23 ¥1,300.00
已选择16行。
SQL> select empno,ename,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyyaaamm-dd'),to_char(sal,'L9,999.99') from emp;
select empno,ename,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyyaaamm-dd'),to_char(sal,'L9,999.99') from emp
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-01821: 日期格式无法识别
SQL> select empno,ename,job,to_char(hiredate,'yyyy/mm-dd'),to_char(sal,'L9,999.99') from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB TO_CHAR(HI TO_CHAR(SAL,'L9,999
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------------
8001 李四 MANAGER 2015/10-15 ¥2,500.00
8002 李4 MANAGER 2015/10-16 ¥2,500.00
7369 SMITH CLERK 1980/12-17 ¥800.00
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1981/02-20 ¥1,600.00
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1981/02-22 ¥1,250.00
7566 JONES MANAGER 1981/04-02 ¥2,975.00
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1981/09-28 ¥1,250.00
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 1981/05-01 ¥2,850.00
7782 CLARK MANAGER 1981/06-09 ¥2,450.00
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 1987/04-19 ¥3,000.00
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1981/11-17 ¥5,000.00
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1981/09-08 ¥1,500.00
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1987/05-23 ¥1,100.00
7900 JAMES CLERK 1981/12-03 ¥950.00
7902 FORD ANALYST 1981/12-03 ¥3,000.00
7934 MILLER CLERK 1982/01-23 ¥1,300.00
已选择16行。
SQL> --当前时间
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') 当前时间 from dual;
当前时间
-------------------
2017-05-13 10:05:50
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8003,'TOM','MANAGER',2800, '2010/10/13' );
已创建 1 行。
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8004,'JACK','MANAGER',2800, '10/13/2016' );
insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8004,'JACK','MANAGER',2800, '10/13/2016' )
*
第 1 行出现错误:
ORA-01843: 无效的月份
SQL> insert into emp(empno,ename,job,sal,hiredate) values(8004,'JACK','MANAGER',2800, to_date('10/13/2016','mm/dd/yyyy') );
已创建 1 行。
SQL> --显示员工有没有奖金
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
8001 李四 MANAGER 2015-10-15 2500
8002 李4 MANAGER 2015-10-16 2500
8003 TOM MANAGER 2010-10-13 2800
8004 JACK MANAGER 2016-10-13 2800
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 1980-12-17 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-20 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 1981-02-22 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 1981-04-02 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-28 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 1981-05-01 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 1981-06-09 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 1987-04-19 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 1981-11-17 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 1981-09-08 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 1987-05-23 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 1981-12-03 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 1981-12-03 3000 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 1982-01-23 1300 10
已选择18行。
SQL> select empno,ename,job,sal,nvl2(comm,'有奖金','没奖金') from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL NVL2(C
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------
8001 李四 MANAGER 2500 没奖金
8002 李4 MANAGER 2500 没奖金
8003 TOM MANAGER 2800 没奖金
8004 JACK MANAGER 2800 没奖金
7369 SMITH CLERK 800 没奖金
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 有奖金
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250 有奖金
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975 没奖金
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 有奖金
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 没奖金
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450 没奖金
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 没奖金
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 没奖金
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500 有奖金
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 没奖金
7900 JAMES CLERK 950 没奖金
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000 没奖金
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL NVL2(C
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300 没奖金
已选择18行。
SQL> select nullif('aaa','bbb') from dual;
NUL
---
aaa
SQL> select nullif('aaa','aaa') from dual;
NUL
---
SQL> select coalesce(null,null,'aaa','bbb') from dual;
COA
---
aaa
SQL> select distinct job from emp;
JOB
---------
CLERK
SALESMAN
PRESIDENT
MANAGER
ANALYST
SQL> --将员工的工作岗位显示为中文
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> select empno,ename,job,
2 case job
3 when 'CLERK' then '清洁工'
4 when 'SALESMAN' then '销售员'
5 when 'PRESIDENT' then '董事长'
6 when 'MANAGER' then '经理'
7 else '其它岗位'
8 end 岗位
9 from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB 岗位
---------- ---------- --------- --------
8001 李四 MANAGER 经理
8002 李4 MANAGER 经理
8003 TOM MANAGER 经理
8004 JACK MANAGER 经理
7369 SMITH CLERK 清洁工
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 销售员
7521 WARD SALESMAN 销售员
7566 JONES MANAGER 经理
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 销售员
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 经理
7782 CLARK MANAGER 经理
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 其它岗位
7839 KING PRESIDENT 董事长
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 销售员
7876 ADAMS CLERK 清洁工
7900 JAMES CLERK 清洁工
7902 FORD ANALYST 其它岗位
EMPNO ENAME JOB 岗位
---------- ---------- --------- --------
7934 MILLER CLERK 清洁工
已选择18行。
SQL> ANALYST 其它岗
SP2-0734: 未知的命令开头 "ANALYST ..." - 忽略了剩余的行。
SQL> select empno,ename,job,
2 case
3 when job = 'CLERK' then '清洁工'
4 when job = 'SALESMAN' then '销售员'
5 when job = 'PRESIDENT' then '董事长'
6 when job = 'MANAGER' then '经理'
7 else '其它岗位'
8 end 岗位
9 from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB 岗位
---------- ---------- --------- --------
8001 李四 MANAGER 经理
8002 李4 MANAGER 经理
8003 TOM MANAGER 经理
8004 JACK MANAGER 经理
7369 SMITH CLERK 清洁工
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 销售员
7521 WARD SALESMAN 销售员
7566 JONES MANAGER 经理
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 销售员
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 经理
7782 CLARK MANAGER 经理
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 其它岗位
7839 KING PRESIDENT 董事长
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 销售员
7876 ADAMS CLERK 清洁工
7900 JAMES CLERK 清洁工
7902 FORD ANALYST 其它岗位
EMPNO ENAME JOB 岗位
---------- ---------- --------- --------
7934 MILLER CLERK 清洁工
已选择18行。
SQL> select empno,ename,job,decode(job,'CLERK','清洁工','SALESMAN','销售员','PRESIDENT','董事长','其它岗位') from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DECODE(J
---------- ---------- --------- --------
8001 李四 MANAGER 其它岗位
8002 李4 MANAGER 其它岗位
8003 TOM MANAGER 其它岗位
8004 JACK MANAGER 其它岗位
7369 SMITH CLERK 清洁工
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 销售员
7521 WARD SALESMAN 销售员
7566 JONES MANAGER 其它岗位
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 销售员
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 其它岗位
7782 CLARK MANAGER 其它岗位
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 其它岗位
7839 KING PRESIDENT 董事长
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 销售员
7876 ADAMS CLERK 清洁工
7900 JAMES CLERK 清洁工
7902 FORD ANALYST 其它岗位
EMPNO ENAME JOB DECODE(J
---------- ---------- --------- --------
7934 MILLER CLERK 清洁工
已选择18行。
SQL> spool off