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转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/huangshiyu13/p/6930255.html

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CurrPorts v2.10 Copyright (c) 2004 - 2013 Nir Sofer Web site: http://www.nirsoft.net Description =========== CurrPorts displays the list of all currently opened TCP/IP and UDP ports on your local computer. For each port in the list, information about the process that opened the port is also displayed, including the process name, full path of the process, version information of the process (product name, file description, and so on), the time that the process was created, and the user that created it. In addition, CurrPorts allows you to close unwanted TCP connections, kill the process that opened the ports, and save the TCP/UDP ports information to HTML file , XML file, or to tab-delimited text file. CurrPorts also automatically mark with pink color suspicious TCP/UDP ports owned by unidentified applications (Applications without version information and icons) Versions History ================ * Version 2.10: o When saving the opened ports from command-line, CurrPorts now uses the same columns order saved in the .cfg file. * Version 2.09: o Fixed bug from version 2.08: Some filters stopped working... * Version 2.08: o Added support for filtering by process ID (In Advanced Filters window), for example: include:process:327 * Version 2.07: o Fixed the flickering on automatic refresh. * Version 2.06: o Fixed issue: The properties dialog-box and other windows opened in the wrong monitor, on multi-monitors system. * Version 2.05: o Added support for GeoLite City database. You can now download the GeoLite City database (GeoLiteCity.dat.gz), put it in the same folder of cports.exe, and CurrPorts will automatically use it to get the country/city information for every remote IP address. * Version 2.02: o CurrPorts now displays a simple error message if it fails to close one or more TCP connections. * Version 2.01: o The 'Remote Address' and 'Local Address' columns are now sorted by the IP address numerically. (In previous versions they were sorted alphabetically) * Version 2.00: o Added optional fifth parameter to the /close command-line option, which allows you to specify a process name (e.g: firefox.exe) * Version 1.97: o The 'Use DNS Cache For Host Names' option is now turned off by default, because it seems that reading the DNS cache causes a memory leak on some Windows 7/x64 systems. * Version 1.96: o Fixed bug: CurrPorts randomly failed to display remote port numbers of IPv6 connections. * Version 1.95: o Added 'Use DNS Cache For Host Names' option. When it's turned on, CurrPorts uses the DNS cache of Windows to resolve remote IP addresses. * Version 1.94: o Added 'Custom' AutoRefresh option under Options -> Auto Refresh. The number of seconds for the Custom AutoRefresh can be set in the Advanced Options window (Ctrl+O) o Fixed the problem with sending the data to stdout (when the filename is empty string). * Version 1.93: o Updated the internal country names (added more 14 countries) that are used for displaying the country name in the 'Remote IP Country' column. * Version 1.92: o When choosing 'Clear Log File' option, CurrPorts now asks you whether you want to clear the log, in order to avoid from clearing the log file by mistake. * Version 1.91: o Added 'Beep On New Ports' option. * Version 1.90: o Added 'Tray Balloon On New Ports' option. When both this option and 'Put Icon On Tray' option are turned on, every new port detected by CurrPorts will be displayed in a tray balloon. (If the TCP/UDP port is filtered by the other CurrPorts options and it's not displayed in the main window, it won't be displayed in the tray balloon.) * Version 1.87: o Improved the 'User Name' column. If you run CurrPorts as administrator, this column will display the user name for all processes. (In previous versions, CurrPorts failed to detect processes created by other users, even when you run it as Administrator) * Version 1.86: o Added 'Mark Odd/Even Rows' option, under the View menu. When it's turned on, the odd and even rows are displayed in different color, to make it easier to read a single line. * Version 1.85: o Added command-line options to control the settings under the Options and View menus: /MarkPorts, /DisplayUdpPorts, /DisplayTcpPorts, /DisplayClosedPorts, and more... * Version 1.83: o Added 'Add Header Line To CSV/Tab-Delimited File' option. When this option is turned on, the column names are added as the first line when you export to csv or tab-delimited file. * Version 1.82: o Added 'Resize Columns On Every Refresh' option, which allows you to automatically resize the columns according to the text length on every refresh. * Version 1.81: o Added more include/exclude filter options in the context menu of CurrPorts. * Version 1.80: o Added custom log line option (In 'Advanced Options' window), which allows you to set the format of the log line and put in it any column value you like. * Version 1.76: o Added 'One-Click Tray Icon' option. When it's checked and you use the tray icon option, one click on the tray icon with the left mouse button will open CurrPorts. (Without this option, double-click is required) * Version 1.75: o Added 'Exclude Selected Processes In Filters' option in the context menu. o Added accelerator key for 'Include Selected Processes In Filters' option. o Fixed bug 'Include Selected Processes In Filters' option: failed to work on system process. o Added 'Disable All Filters' option to easily toggle between active filter state and no filter state, as an alternative for 'Clear All Filters', which doesn't allow you to return back the filters. * Version 1.70: o Added /sort command-line option for sorting the connections list saved from command-line. * Version 1.66: o Fixed issue: When CurrPorts window is hidden and there is an icon in the taskbar, running CurrPorts again will open the existing instance of CurrPorts, instead of creating another one. * Version 1.65: o Added drag And drop icon in the toolbar that allows to to easily filter by the desired application. Simply drag the target icon into the window of the application, and CurrPorts will display only the opened ports of this application. * Version 1.60: o Added new column: Window Title (The window title of the process) o Added 'Clear All Filters' option. o Added 'Include Selected Processes In Filters' option. Allows you to easily filter by selected processes. * Version 1.56: o Added new option: Ask before any action. (If you uncheck this option, CurrPorts won't ask you any question before closing ports/applications) * Version 1.55: o Added number of remote connections to the status bar. o Added ports information in the tray icon tooltip. * Version 1.51: o Fixed bug: In rare cases, exception window may appear when starting CurrPorts. * Version 1.50: o Added 'Display Port In Address' option. When this option is checked, the addresses will be displayed in 'address:port' format. * Version 1.48: o Fixed the Alt+1 accelerator key. * Version 1.47: o Added AutoRefresh every 1 second. * Version 1.46: o Automatically launch IPNetInfo when it's in the same folder of CurrPorts. * Version 1.45: o Added 'Remote IP Country' column that displays the country name of the remote IP address (requires to download an external file from here) * Version 1.41: o Fixed bug: CurrPorts failed to display the current Auto Refresh status in Menu. * Version 1.40: o Added support for IPv6. * Version 1.37: o Fixed bug: CurrPorts failed to display process information when running under Windows Vista with non-admin user. o Added Module Filename column (works only on XP/SP2) * Version 1.36: o Fixed bug: The main window lost the focus when the user switched to another application and then returned back to CurrPorts. * Version 1.35: o Fixed bug in saving as comma-delimited file when field values contained comma character. * Version 1.34: o New Option: Remember Last Filter (The filter is saved in cports_filter.txt) * Version 1.33: o Added support for saving comma-delimited (.csv) files. o Added new command-line option: /scomma * Version 1.32: o New Option: Start CurrPorts As Hidden (Only when 'Put Icon On Tray' is turned on) o New Option: Copy Remote IP Address (F2). * Version 1.31: o Fixed bug: TCP and UDP ports with the same number and in the same process merged into one item. * Version 1.30: o New column: Added On - Displays the date that the specified connection was added. o New Option: Put Icon On Tray. o New Option: Log File. * Version 1.20: o Added support for filters. o The settings of CurrPorts utility is now saved to cfg file instead of using the Registry. o New command-line options. o You can now send the information to stdout by specifying an empty filename ("") in the command-line. o Added support for x64. * Version 1.11: o Added support for process information in Vista. * Version 1.10: o A tooltip is displayed when a string in a column is longer than the column length. * Version 1.09: o /close command-line parameter - Close a connection from command-line * Version 1.08: o Fixed columns order bug. * Version 1.07: o New option: Resolve the remote IP addresses. * Version 1.06: o New column: Process Attributes - Display the file attributes of the process (H for hidden, R for read-only, and so on) o Added support for working with IPNetInfo utility * Version 1.05: o Fixed bug: identify process path starting with '\??\' * Version 1.04: o Added more accelerator keys. o Added support for Windows XP visual styles. * Version 1.03: o New Option: Display Listening o New Option: Display Established o New Option: Display Items With Unknown State o New Option: Display Items Without Remote Address * Version 1.02: o Fixed bug: "Exception C0000005" message when running CurrPorts on Windows NT/2000 without administrator rights. o New column: "Process Services" - Displays the list of services of a process. * Version 1.01: o The 'Copy Selected Items' option now copies the ports data in tab-delimited format, so you can instantly paste the data into your Excel worksheet. o Improvment in ports to process binding under Windows 2000. Process information is now also displayed under Windows NT. * Version 1.00: First release. System Requirements =================== This utility works perfectly under Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. There is also a separated download of CurrPorts for x64 versions of Windows. If you want to use this utility on Windows NT, you should install psapi.dll in your system32 directory. You can also use this utility on older versions of Windows (Windows 98/ME), but in these versions of Windows, the process information for each port won't be displayed. Using CurrPorts =============== CurrPorts utility is a standalone executable, and it doesn't require any installation process or additional DLLs. In order to start using it, just copy the executable file (cports.exe) to any folder you like, and run it. The main window of CurrPorts displays the list of all currently opened TCP and UDP ports. You can select one or more items, and then close the selected connections, copy the ports information to the clipboard, or save it to HTML/XML/Text file. If you don't want to view all available columns, or you want to change the order of the columns on the screen and in the files you save, select 'Choose Column' from the View menu, and select the desired columns and their order. In order to sort the list by specific column, click on the header of the desired column. The Options Menu ================ The following options are available under the Options menu: * Display Listening: If this option is enabled, all listening ports are displayed. * Display Established: If this option is enabled, all established connections are displayed. * Display Closed: If this option is enabled, closed ports (with 'Time Wait', 'Close Wait', or 'Closed' state) are displayed. * Display Items With Unknown State: If this option is enabled, items with unknown state (the state column is empty) are displayed. * Display Items Without Remote Address: If this option is enabled, disconnected ports with no remote address are displayed. * Display TCP Ports: If this option is disabled, TCP ports won't be displayed in the ports list. * Display UDP Ports: If this option is disabled, UDP ports won't be displayed in the ports list. * Mark Ports Of Unidentified Applications: If this option is enabled, all TCP/UDP ports that opened by applications with no version information and with no icons, are automatically marked with pink color. If you have on your system one or more ports marked with pink color, you should deeply check the processes that created these ports. It could be only an innocent application that simply doesn't contain any icons and version information (For example: the executables of MySQL and Oracle servers don't contain any icons or version info, so if you have MySQL/Oracle servers on your system, the ports they open will be marked.) , but it can also be a trojan or other unwanted application that infiltrated into your system. * Mark New/Modified Ports: If this option is enabled, each time the ports list is refreshed, all newly added ports and existing ports with changes are marked with green color. * Auto Refresh: Allows you to automatically refresh the opened ports list each 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 seconds. * Sort On Auto Refresh If this option is enabled, the entire ports list is sorted each time that the list is refreshed automatically. Otherwise, new/modified ports are added to the bottom of the list. The 'Remote IP Country' column ============================== In order to watch the countries of the remote IP addresses, you have to download the latest IP To Country file from here. You have the put the 'IpToCountry.csv' file in the same folder of cports.exe You can also use the GeoLite City database. Simply download the GeoLite City in Binary / gzip (GeoLiteCity.dat.gz) and put it in the same folder of cports.exe If you want to get faster loading process, extract the GeoLiteCity.dat from the GeoLiteCity.dat.gz and put it in the same folder of cports.exe Using Filters ============= Starting from version 1.20, you can monitor only the opened ports that you need, by using the "Advanced Filters" option (Options -> Advanced Filters). In the filters dialog-box, you can add one or more filter strings (separated by spaces, semicolon, or CRLF) in the following syntax: [include | exclude] : [local | remote | both | process] : [tcp | udp | tcpudp] : [IP Range | Ports Range] Here's some examples that demonstrate how to create a filter string: * Display only packets with remote tcp port 80 (Web sites): include:remote:tcp:80 * Display only packets with remote tcp port 80 (Web sites) and udp port 53 (DNS): include:remote:tcp:80 include:remote:udp:53 * Display only packets originated from the following IP address range: 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.100: include:remote:tcpudp:192.168.0.1-192.168.0.100 * Display only TCP and UDP packets that use the following port range: 53 - 139: include:both:tcpudp:53-139 * Filter most BitTorrent packets (port 6881): exclude:both:tcpupd:6881 * Display only the opened ports of FireFox browser: include:process:firefox.exe Integration with IPNetInfo utility ================================== If you want to get more information about the remote IP address displayed in CurrPorts utility, you can utilize the Integration with IPNetInfo utility in order to easily view the IP address information from WHOIS servers: 1. Download and run the latest version of IPNetInfo utility. (If you have IPNetInfo with version prior to v1.06, you must download the newer version.) 2. Select the desired connections, and then choose "IPNetInfo" from the File menu (or simply click Ctrl+I). 3. IPNetInfo will retrieve the information about remove IP addresses of the selected connections. Log File ======== Starting from version 1.30, CurrPorts allows you to save all changes (added and removed connections) into a log file. In order to start writing to the log file, check the 'Log Changes' option under the File menu. By default, the log file is saved as 'cports.log' in the same folder that cports.exe is located. You can change the default log filename by setting the 'LogFilename' entry in cports.cfg file. Be aware that the log file is updated only when you refresh the ports list manually, or when the 'Auto Refresh' option is turned on. Custom Log Line =============== Starting from version 1.80, you can set the format of the lines in the log file according to your needs. In order to use this feature, go to 'Advanced Options' window (Ctrl+O), check the custom log line option, type the desired format string. In the format string, you can use the following variables: %Process_Name% %Protocol% %Local_Port% %Local_Address% %Remote_Port% %Remote_Address% %Process_Path% %Process_ID% %State% %Product_Name% %File_Description% %File_Version% %Company% %Process_Created_On% %Local_Port_Name% %Remote_Port_Name% %User_Name% %Process_Services% %Process_Attributes% %Remote_Host_Name% %Added_On% %Module_Filename% %Remote_IP Country% %Window_Title% You can also set the minimum number of characters for the column value, for example: %Process_Name.25% (Fill with spaces - up to 25 characters) Notice: %Remote_Host_Name% variable is not displayed on newly added connections, because the IP address resolving is asynchronous operation, and the host name is still not available when the log line is added. Command-Line Options ==================== /stext <Filename> Save the list of all opened TCP/UDP ports into a regular text file. /stab <Filename> Save the list of all opened TCP/UDP ports into a tab-delimited text file. /scomma <Filename> Save the list of all opened TCP/UDP ports into a comma-delimited text file. /stabular <Filename> Save the list of all opened TCP/UDP ports into a tabular text file. /shtml <Filename> Save the list of all opened TCP/UDP ports into HTML file (Horizontal). /sverhtml <Filename> Save the list of all opened TCP/UDP ports into HTML file (Vertical). /sxml <Filename> Save the list of all opened TCP/UDP ports to XML file. /sort <column> This command-line option can be used with other save options for sorting by the desired column. If you don't specify this option, the list is sorted according to the last sort that you made from the user interface. The <column> parameter can specify the column index (0 for the first column, 1 for the second column, and so on) or the name of the column, like "Remote Port" and "Remote Address". You can specify the '~' prefix character (e.g: "~Remote Address") if you want to sort in descending order. You can put multiple /sort in the command-line if you want to sort by multiple columns. Examples: cports.exe /shtml "f:\temp\1.html" /sort 2 /sort ~1 cports.exe /shtml "f:\temp\1.html" /sort "Protocol" /sort "~Remote Address" /nosort When you specify this command-line option, the list will be saved without any sorting. /filter <filter string> Start CurrPorts with the specified filters. If you want to specify more than one filter, use the ';' character as a delimiter. /cfg <cfg filename> Start CurrPorts with the specified config file. /MarkPorts /DisplayUdpPorts /DisplayTcpPorts /DisplayClosedPorts /MarkNewModifiedPorts /SortOnAutoRefresh /AlwaysOnTop /AskBefore /DisplayIPv6Ports /DisplayListening /DisplayEstablished /DisplayNoState /DisplayNoRemoteIP /ResolveAddresses /RememberLastFilter /DisplayPortInAddress /AutoRefresh, /ShowInfoTip /TrayIcon /TrayIconOneClick /StartAsHidden /LogChanges /LogFilename /DisabledFilters /AddExportHeaderLine You can use all these parameters to control the options that are available under the Options and View menus. For example, if you want to start CurrPorts with 'Display UDP Ports' turned off and 'Display Closed' turned on: cports.exe /DisplayUdpPorts 0 /DisplayClosedPorts 1 You can also use these parameters in conjunction with all save parameters. For example: If you want to save into tab-delimited file only the UDP ports: cports.exe /DisplayUdpPorts 1 /DisplayTcpPorts 0 /stab "c:\temp\udp.txt" Here's some examples: * Save all opened TCP/IP ports created by Internet Explorer browser to HTML file: cports.exe /filter "include:process:iexplore" /shtml "c:\temp\ports.html" * Add all opened ports information to ports.txt (as tab-delimited text file). This example only works when running it from a command-prompt window. cports.exe /stab "" >> c:\temp\cports1.txt * Start CurrPorts with filter that will only display the opened ports of Internet Explorer and FireFox: cports.exe /filter "include:process:firefox;include:process:iexplore" Closing a Connection From Command-Line ====================================== Starting from version 1.09, you can close one or more connections from command-line, by using /close parameter. The syntax of /close command: /close <Local Address> <Local Port> <Remote Address> <Remote Port> {Process Name} For each parameter, you can specify "*" in order to include all ports or addresses. The process name is an optional parameter. If you specify a process, only the ports of the specified process will be closed. Examples: * Close all connections with remote port 80 and remote address 192.168.1.10: /close * * 192.168.1.10 80 * Close all connections with remote port 80 (for all remote addresses): /close * * * 80 * Close all connections to remote address 192.168.20.30: /close * * 192.168.20.30 * * Close all connections with local port 80: /close * 80 * * * Close all connections of Firefox with remote port 80: /close * * * 80 firefox.exe Translating CurrPorts To Another Language ========================================= CurrPorts allows you to easily translate all menus, dialog-boxes, and other strings to other languages. In order to do that, follow the instructions below: 1. Run CurrPorts with /savelangfile parameter: cports.exe /savelangfile A file named cports_lng.ini will be created in the folder of CurrPorts utility. 2. Open the created language file in Notepad or in any other text editor. 3. Translate all menus, dialog-boxes, and string entries to the desired language. 4. After you finish the translation, Run CurrPorts, and all translated strings will be loaded from the language file. If you want to run CurrPorts without the translation, simply rename the language file, or move it to another folder. License ======= This utility is released as freeware. You are allowed to freely distribute this utility via floppy disk, CD-ROM, Internet, or in any other way, as long as you don't charge anything for this. If you distribute this utility, you must include all files in the distribution package, without any modification ! Disclaimer ========== The software is provided "AS IS" without any warranty, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The author will not be liable for any special, incidental, consequential or indirect damages due to loss of data or any other reason. Feedback ======== If you have any problem, suggestion, comment, or you found a bug in my utility, you can send a message to nirsofer@yahoo.com
ISO/IEC 27005:2011英文版BS|So/EC27005:201 so/EC27005:2011E 9.2 Risk modification 22 9. 3 Risk retention 面BB1面面 9.4 Risk avoidance 9.5 Risk sharing 10 Information security risk acceptance.. 24 11 Information security risk communication and consultation 24 12 Information security ris k monitoring and review 25 12.1 Monitoring and review of risk factors 25 12.2 Risk management monitoring, review and improvement..... 26 Annex A(informative )Defining the scope and boundaries of the information security risk management process A1 Study of the organization.. 28 A2 List of the constraints affecting the organization.. A3 List of the legislative and regulatory references applicable to the organization 31 A.4 List of the constraints affecting the scope Annex B (informative) Identification and valuation of assets and impact assessment 量国 面面国 33 B. 1 Examples of asset identification 33 B.1.1 The identification of primary assets 33 0m-0sz B12 List and description of supporting assets…………… 34 B.2 Asset va| uation.… 38 B3 Impact assessment............ n41 Annex C (informative)Examples of typical threats 42 Annex D (informative) Vulnerabilities and methods for vulnerability assessment..... D1 Examples of vulnerabilities 45 D2 Methods for assessment of technical vulnerabilities n…48 Annex E(informative)Information security risk assessment approaches 50 E.1 High-level information security risk assessment.……… 50 E2 Detailed information security risk assessment...-............. E22 Example2 Ranking of Threats by Measures of RisK.……… 51 E.2.1 Example 1 Matrix with predefined values 52 E.2.3 Example 3 Assessing a value for the likelihood and the possible consequences of risks... 54 Annex F(informative) Constraints for risk modification.. 面 56 Annex G(informative) Differences in definitions between ISO/EC 27005: 2008 and ISo/EC 27005:2011 58 Bibliography 68 O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved BS ISO/EC27005:2011 ISO/EC27005:2011(E Foreword Iso(the International Organization for Standardization) and Ec(the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISo or EC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISo and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISONEC JTC 1 International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISo/EC Directives, Part 2 The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 of the national bodies casting a vote Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. Iso and iEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights 0m-0sz ISO/EC 27005 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/EC JTC 1, Information technology Subcommittee SC 27, / T Security techniques This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition(ISO/EC 27005: 2008)which has been technically revised O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved BS|So/EC27005:201 so/EC27005:2011E Introduction This International Standard provides guidelines for information security risk management in an organization supporting in particular the requirements of an information security management(ISMS) according to ISO/EC 27001. However, this International Standard does not provide any specific method for information security risk management. It is up to the organization to define their approach to risk management, depending for example on the scope of the ISMS, context of risk management, or industry sector. A number of existing methodologies can be used under the framework described in this International Standard to implement the requirements of an ISMS This International Standard is relevant to managers and staff concerned with information security risk management within an organization and, where appropriate, external parties supporting such activities 0m-0sz O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved BS ISO/EC27005:2011 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/EC27005:2011(E Information technology- Security techniques-Information security risk management 1 Scope This International Standard provides guidelines for information security risk management This International standard supports the general concepts specified in iso/EC 27001 and is designed to assist the satisfactory implementation of information security based on a risk management approach Knowledge of the concepts, models, processes and terminologies described in ISo/EC 27001 and ISO/EC 27002 is important for a complete understanding of this International Standard This International Standard is applicable to all types of organizations (e.g. commercial enterprises, 0m-0sz government agencies, non-profit organizations)which intend to manage risks that could compromise the organizations information securit 2 Normative references m The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document(including any amendments) applies ISO/EC 27000, Information technology Security techniques Information security management systems-Overview and vocabulary ISO/EC 27001: 2005, Information technology Security techniques Information security management systems- Requirements 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 27000 and the following apply NOTE Differences in definitions between iso/ec 27005: 2008 and this international standard are shown in Annex g 3.1 consequence outcome of an event( 3.3)affecting objectives ISO Guide 73: 2009 NOTE 1 An event can lead to a range of consequences NoTE 2 A consequence can be certain or uncertain and in the context of information security is usually negative nOtE 3 Consequences can be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively NOTE 4 Initial consequences can escalate through knock-on effects O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved BS|So/EC27005:201 so/EC27005:2011E 32 control measure that is modifying risk(3.9) [SO Guide 73: 2009 structure, which can be administrative, technical, management, or legal in nature which modify information security Inal NOTE 1 Controls for information security include any process, policy, procedure, guideline, practice or organizati NOTE 2 Controls may not always exert the intended or assumed modifying effect NOTE 3 Control is also used as a synonym for safeguard or countermeasure 3.3 event occurrence or change of a particular set of circumstances [So Guide 73: 2009 noTE 1 An event can be one or more occurrences and can have several causes NOTE 2 An event can consist of something not happening 0m-0sz NOTE 3 An event can sometimes be referred to as an"incident or accident 3.4 external context external environment in which the organization seeks to achieve its objectives [ISO Guide 73: 2009 NOTE External context can include the cultural, social, political, legal, regulatory, financial, technological, economic, natural and competitive environment, whether international, national, regional or local key drivers and trends having impact on the objectives of the organization; and relationships with, and perceptions and values of, external stakeholders 3.5 internal context nternal environment in which the organization seeks to achieve its objectives [SO Guide 73: 2009 N○TE Internal context can include governance, organizational structure, roles and accountabilities; policies, objectives, and the strategies that are in place to achieve them the capabilities, understood in terms of resources and knowledge (e.g. capital, time, people processes, systems and technologies): information systems, information flows and decision-making processes(both formal and informal); relationships with, and perceptions and values of, internal stakeholders the organizations culture standards, guidelines and models adopted by the organization; and form and extent of contractual relationship O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved BS|SO/EC27005:2011 ISO/EC27005:2011(E) 3.6 level of risk magnitude of a risk(3. 9), expressed in terms of the combination of consequences (3. 1)and their likelihood (3.7) [ISO Guide 73: 2009] 3.7 likelihood chance of something happening [ISo Guide 73: 2009] NOTE 1 In risk management terminology, the word "likelihood"is used to refer to the chance of something happening whether defined, measured or determined objectively or subjectively, qualitatively or quantitatively, and described using general terms or mathematically(such as a probability or a frequency over a given time period) NOTE2 The English term"likelihood" does not have a direct equivalent in some languages; instead, the equivalent of the term "probability is often used. However, in English, "probability"is often narrowly interpreted as a mathematical term Therefore, in risk management terminology, "likelihood" is used with the intent that it should have the same broad interpretation as the term "probability has in many languages other than English 3.8 0m-0sz residual risk risk (3. 9)remaining after risk treatment (3. 17) [ISO Guide 73: 2009 NOTE 1 Residual risk can contain unidentified risk NoTE 2 Residual risk can also be known as"retained risk 3.9 risk effect of uncertainty on objectives [ISO Guide 73: 20091 NOTE 1 An effect is a deviation from the expected -positive and/or negative OTE 2 Objectives can have different aspects (such as financial, health and safety, information security, and environmental goals)and can apply at different levels (such as strategic, organization-wide, project, product and process note 3 Risk is often characterized by reference to potential events(3.3 )and consequences(3.1), or a combination o these NoTE 4 Information security risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an information security event and the associated likelihood(3. 9)of occurrence NOTE 5 Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or knowledge of, an event, its consequence, or likelihood NotE 6 Information security risk is associated with the potential that threats will exploit vulnerabilities of an information asset or group of information assets and thereby cause harm to an organization. 3.10 risk analysis rocess to comprehend the nature of risk and to determine the level of risk (3.6) [SO Guide 73: 2009 O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved BS|So/EC27005:201 so/EC27005:2011E NoTE 1 Risk analysis provides the basis for risk evaluation and decisions about risk treatment NoTE 2 Risk analysis includes risk estimation 3.11 risk assessment overall process of risk identification(3. 15), risk analysis(3.10)and risk evaluation (3.14) [So Guide 73: 2009 3.12 risk communication and consultation continual and iterative processes that an organization conducts to provide, share or obtain information, and to engage in dialogue with stakeholders( 3.18)regarding the management of risk(3. 9) [So Guide 73: 2009] NoTE 1 The information can relate to the existence, nature, form, likelihood, significance, evaluation, acceptability and treatment of risk NOTE 2 Consultation is a two-way process of informed communication between an organization and its stakeholders on an issue prior to making a decision or determining a direction on that issue. Consultation is 0m-0sz a process which impacts on a decision through influence rather than power; and an input to decision making, not joint decision making 3.13 risk criteria terms of reference against which the significance of a risk (3. 9)is evaluated [So Guide 73: 2009] NOTE 1 Risk criteria are based on organizational objectives, and external and internal context NOTE 2 Risk criteria can be derived from standards, laws, policies and other requirements 3.14 risk evaluation process of comparing the results of risk analysis(3.10)with risk criteria(3. 13)to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable [SO Guide 73: 2009] NOTE Risk evaluation assists in the decision about risk treatment 3.15 risk identification process of finding, recognizing and describing risks [ISO Guide 73: 2009] NOTE 1 Risk identification involves the identification of risk sources, events their causes and their potential consequences. NOTE 2 Risk identification can involve historical data, theoretical analysis, informed and expert opinions, and stakeholders needs O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved BS|SO/EC27005:2011 ISO/EC27005:2011(E) 3.16 risk management coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk [ SO Guide73:2009] NOTE This International Standard uses the term process to describe risk management overall. The elements withir the risk management process are termed'activities 3.17 risk treatment process to modify risk [ISO Guide 73: 2009 NOTE 1 Risk treatment can inyolye avoiding the risk by deciding not to start or continue with the activity that gives rise to the risk; taking or increasing risk in order to pursue an opportunity removing the risk source changing the likelihood 0m9 changing the consequences sharing the risk with another party or parties(including contracts and risk financing); and retaining the risk by informed choice NOTE 2 Risk treatments that deal with negative consequences are sometimes referred to as risk mitigation","risk elimination"," risk prevention"and" risk reduction NOtE3 Risk treatment can create new risks or modify existing risks 3.18 stakeholder person or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by a decision or activit [ISO Guide 73: 2009 NOTE a decision maker can be a stakeholder 4 Structure of this International standard This International Standard contains the description of the information security risk management process and its activities The background information is provided in Clause 5 a general overview of the information security risk management process is given in clause 6 All information security risk management activities as presented in Clause 6 are subsequently described in the following clauses Context establishment in clause 7 Risk assessment in Clause 8 Risk treatment in Clause 9 O ISO/EC 2011-All rights reserved
人工智能(“AI”)引起了极大的关注,并给社会带来了挑战。 然而令人惊讶的是,学者们很少从理论和政策的角度关注人工智能对专利法公开功能的障碍。 专利以发明人描述他们的发明为条件,但内部工作原理和人工智能在发明过程中的使用没有被正确理解或在很大程度上是未知的。 人工智能发明过程的参数或人工智能的使用缺乏透明度,使得未来人工智能的使用难以实现相同的最终状态。 相比之下,虽然专利法的授权原则侧重于发明过程的特定结果,但本文认为人工智能缺乏透明度和难以复制,这从根本上挑战了专利法中的公开理论。 一个理性的旁观者或专利审查员可能会发现很难解释 AI 的内部工作原理。 但更紧迫的是一个不可检测的问题——总体上缺乏对未知人工智能发明的披露,或者不知道特定的最终状态是否是通过使用人工智能产生的。人工智能的复杂性需要提高披露要求,因为人工智能的特殊特征最终状态不能用产生它的创造性方法来描述。 本文介绍了人工智能的分类,并认为增强的人工智能专利公开要求减轻了围绕基于人工智能的工具的可解释性和人工智能生成的输出固有的不可理解性的担忧。 尽管增加了事前成本和努力,但对人工智能专利公开的这种强调可能会引导一些发明者进行商业保密,并促使其他人寻求专利保护以防止可能的专利侵权者。 功利主义和洛克理论提出了增强人工智能专利公开的理由,同时承认了一些反对意见。 转向规范,本文提出并评估了各种针对人工智能的披露特定激励措施和数据存储,作为实现增强披露的手段。 最后,它为创新和未来的实证研究提供了见解,以验证其理论基础。

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