python之路（10）类的内置函数

目录

• isinstance()和issubclass()
• __setitem__、__getitem__和__delitem__
• __str__和__reper__
• __format__
• __slots__
• __module__和__class__
• __del__
• __call__
• __iter__和__next__

 

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isinstance(obj,cls)和issubclass(sub,super)

isinstance(obj,cls)  检查obj是否是cls的对象

issubclass(sub,super)  检查sub子类是否是super类的子类

__setitem__、__getitem__和__delitem__

class test:
    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print("getitem")
        return getattr(self,item)

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        print("setitem")
        setattr(self,key,value) #将值加到属性字典中

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print("delitem")
        delattr(self,key)

t1 = test()

#赋值
t1['name'] = 'chen' #setitem

#取值
t1['name'] #getitem

#删除
del t1['name'] #delitem

__str__和__repr__

__str__  当print()输出实例时调用，类似java里的toString()方法

class test:
    def __str__(self):
        return "这里是__str__"

t1 = test()
print(t1) #这里是__str__

__repr__  在pathon解释器中，直接打印实例对象触发。如果__str__没有定义时会调用__repr__,如果__str__有定义时会优先调用__str__

class test:
    # def __str__(self):
    #     return "这里是__str__"
    def __repr__(self):
        return "这里是__repr__"

t1 = test()
print(t1) #这里是__repr__

__format__　　

__format__　字符串格式化输出 format() 时调用　

#自定制格式化输出
format_dict={
    'ymd':'{0.year}{0.mon}{0.day}',
    'y-m-d':'{0.year}-{0.mon}-{0.day}',
    'y:m:d':'{0.year}:{0.mon}:{0.day}'
}

class test:
    def __init__(self,year,mon,day):
        self.year = year
        self.mon = mon
        self.day = day

    def __format__(self, format_spec): #format()---->__format__()
        if not format_spec:
            format_spec = 'ymd'
        return format_dict[format_spec].format(self)

t1 = test(2018,11,30)

print(format(t1)) #20181130
print(format(t1, "y-m-d")) #2018-11-30
print(format(t1, "y:m:d")) #2018:11:30

__stols__　　

 在通过类生成实例对象，每个实例都会生成一个独立的属性字典，为了节省内存空间，定义__stols__方法取代__dict__进行统一管理，作为一个内存优化工具

 限制属性的创建，只能创建__stols__提供的属性

class test:
    __slots__ = ['name'] 

t1 = test() #由这个类产生的类不再具有__dict__属性字典
t1.name = 'chen'
print(t1.name) #chen
print(t1.__slots__ ) #['name']
print(t1.__dict__ ) # AttributeError: 'test' object has no attribute '__dict__'
#限制属性的创建
t1.age = 18 #AttributeError: 'test' object has no attribute 'age'

__module__和__class__

__module__  返回实例的模块

__class__  返回实例的类

__del__(析构函数)

__del__  实例对象被删除，系统回收内存时调用

__call__ 

实例对象加括号这样的形式调用，会执行__call__方法 

注:类生成实例对象本质也是调用call方法

class test:
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("call方法")
t1 = test()
t1() #call方法

__iter__和__next__　　

迭代器协议的两个内置方法

class test:
    def __init__(self,n):
        self.n=n

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        if self.n == 13:
            raise  StopIteration('终止了') #迭代器抛出异常停止迭代
        self.n += 1
        return self.n

t1 = test(10)
#for循环会捕捉StopIteration异常，停止循环
for i in t1:  #f1.__iter__ 
    print(i)

　

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/shuzhixia/p/10042257.html