ArrayList源码分析——Java全栈知识(7)

1、概述:

ArrayList实现了List接口,是顺序容器,即元素存放的数据与放进去的顺序相同,允许放入null元素,底层通过数组实现。除该类未实现同步外,其余跟Vector大致相同。每个ArrayList都有一个容量(capacity),表示底层数组的实际大小,容器内存储元素的个数不能多于当前容量。当向容器中添加元素时,如果容量不足,容器会自动增大底层数组的大小。前面已经提过,Java泛型只是编译器提供的语法糖,所以这里的数组是一个Object数组,以便能够容纳任何类型的对象。
image.png

2、ArrayList底层原理

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

    /**
     * Default initial capacity.
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

    /**
     * Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
     */
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    /**
     * Shared empty array instance used for default sized empty instances. We
     * distinguish this from EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA to know how much to inflate when
     * first element is added.
     */
    private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    /**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
     * empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
     * will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
     */
    transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    /**
     * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int size;

ArrayList底层存储元素是通过一个Object类型的数组也就是transient Object[] elementData。size表示当前元素个数。

2.1、构造函数:

/**
     * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *         is negative
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        if (initialCapacity > 0) {
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
            // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
            if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
                elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
        } else {
            // replace with empty array.
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        }
    }

如果我们指定长度大于0,ArrayList会直接创建一个对应大小的数组。如果我们指定的长度为0,或者没有指定长度,ArrayList中存储数组的实例会先指向一个空数组,EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA或DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA。这两个都是空数组但是为了区分不同情况,而区分出了两种空数组。前者是指定数组长度为0,后者是没有指定长度进行初始化。

2.2、扩容机制

我们先看源码:

/**
     * Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
     * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
     * specified by the minimum capacity argument.
     *
     * @param   minCapacity   the desired minimum capacity
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
            // any size if not default element table
            ? 0
            // larger than default for default empty table. It's already
            // supposed to be at default size.
            : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;

        if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
            ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
        }
    }

    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
            minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }

        ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
    }

    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            grow(minCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * The maximum size of array to allocate.
     * Some VMs reserve some header words in an array.
     * Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in
     * OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit
     */
    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    /**
     * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
     * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
     *
     * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
     */
    private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }

2.2.1、为什么要区分EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA和DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA?

数组为EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA就走基于用户设置大小值进行1.5倍扩容(这里是空所以是0),数组为默认空DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA就会走基于默认值的大小10扩容进行1.5倍扩容。 核心代码:如果是默认初始化空容量会走 if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) { minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity); }这段代码,接下来基于默认初始化大小10扩容,依次是10,15,22,33这种1.5倍数扩容。如果Listlist = new ArrayList<>(0);那就是基于你设置的大小0开始扩容,依次是0,1 ,2,3 ,4, 6这种1.5倍数扩容。

2.2.2、扩容的流程

当我们不传入参数进行实例化一个ArrayList对象的时候,默认指向一个空数组。由于我们每一次添加元素的时候,也就是调用add相关的方法的时候,会先进行检查底层数组容量是否够用,如果不够用就会进行扩容。(调用ensureCapacityInternal方法)。如果空间未初始化,那么就初始化数组长度为10,如果已经初始化长度那么就会在grow方法中扩容1.5倍。并且将原数组中的元素一个个copy到新数组,这个操作比较消耗性能,所以建议在使用的时候进行预估使用的长度,防止后续频繁扩容。
image.png

2.2.3、手动扩容

以上都是ArrayList自动扩容的过程,ArrayList也给我们提供了手动扩容的方法ensureCapacity,该方法会检查,我们是否已经初始化长度为10,如果已经初始化或者我们在创建时指定长度为0,则会直接按照我们指定的产犊进行扩容,如果没有初始化,那么会在10和我们指定的长度中取最大值,进行初始化数组长度。

3、API

3.1、add(), addAll()

跟C++ 的vector不同,ArrayList没有push_back()方法,对应的方法是add(E e),ArrayList也没有insert()方法,对应的方法是add(int index, E e)。这两个方法都是向容器中添加新元素,这可能会导致capacity不足,因此在添加元素之前,都需要进行剩余空间检查,如果需要则自动扩容。扩容操作最终是通过grow()方法完成的。

/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param  e element to be appended to this list 
* @return  true (as specified by {@link  Collection#add}) 
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
	elementData[size++] = e;
	return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
    rangeCheckForAdd(index);

    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
    System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                     size - index);
    elementData[index] = element;
    size++;
}

add(int index, E e)需要先对元素进行移动,然后完成插入操作,也就意味着该方法有着线性的时间复杂度。addAll()方法能够一次添加多个元素,根据位置不同也有两个版本,一个是在末尾添加的addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)方法,一个是从指定位置开始插入的addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)方法。跟add()方法类似,在插入之前也需要进行空间检查,如果需要则自动扩容;如果从指定位置插入,也会存在移动元素的情况。 addAll()的时间复杂度不仅跟插入元素的多少有关,也跟插入的位置相关。

/**
* Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
* this list, in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's Iterator.  The behavior of this operation is
* undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
* is in progress.  (This implies that the behavior of this call is
* undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
* list is nonempty.)
*
* @param  c collection containing elements to be added to this list 
* @return  true if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws  NullPointerException if the specified collection is null 
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    Object[] a = c.toArray();
    int numNew = a.length;
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
    System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
    size += numNew;
    return numNew != 0;
}

/**
* Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
* list, starting at the specified position.  Shifts the element
* currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
* the right (increases their indices).  The new elements will appear
* in the list in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's iterator.
*
* @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
*              specified collection
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
    rangeCheckForAdd(index);

    Object[] a = c.toArray();
    int numNew = a.length;
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount

    int numMoved = size - index;
    if (numMoved > 0)
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                         numMoved);

    System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
    size += numNew;
    return numNew != 0;
}

3.2、set()

底层是一个数组ArrayList的set()方法也就变得非常简单,直接对数组的指定位置赋值即可。

public E set(int index, E element) {
    rangeCheck(index);//下标越界检查
    E oldValue = elementData(index);
    elementData[index] = element;//赋值到指定位置,复制的仅仅是引用
    return oldValue;
}

3.3、get()

get()方法同样很简单,唯一要注意的是由于底层数组是Object[],得到元素后需要进行类型转换。

public E get(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);
	return (E) elementData[index];//注意类型转换
}

3.4、remove()

remove()方法也有两个版本,一个是remove(int index)删除指定位置的元素,另一个是remove(Object o)删除第一个满足o.equals(elementData[index])的元素。删除操作是add()操作的逆过程,需要将删除点之后的元素向前移动一个位置。需要注意的是为了让GC起作用,必须显式的为最后一个位置赋null值。

public E remove(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);
	modCount++;
	E oldValue = elementData(index);
	int numMoved = size - index - 1;
	if (numMoved > 0){
    	System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, numMoved);
    }
	elementData[--size] = null; //清除该位置的引用,让GC起作用
	return oldValue;
}

关于Java GC这里需要特别说明一下,有了垃圾收集器并不意味着一定不会有内存泄漏。对象能否被GC的依据是是否还有引用指向它,上面代码中如果不手动赋null值,除非对应的位置被其他元素覆盖,否则原来的对象就一直不会被回收。

3.5、trimToSize()

ArrayList还给我们提供了将底层数组的容量调整为当前列表保存的实际元素的大小的功能。它可以通过trimToSize方法来实现。代码如下:

/**
* Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the
* list's current size.  An application can use this operation to minimize
* the storage of an ArrayList instance.
*/
public void trimToSize() {
	modCount++;
	if (size < elementData.length) {
		elementData = (size == 0)
		? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
		: Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
	}
}

3.6、indexOf(),lastIndexOf()

获取元素的第一次出现的index:

/**
* Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
    if (o == null) {
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        if (elementData[i]==null)
            return i;
	} else {
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
            return i;
	}
return -1;
}

获取元素的最后一次出现的index:

/**
* Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the highest index i such that
* (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))),
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
    if (o == null) {
        for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
            if (elementData[i]==null)
                return i;
    } else {
        for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
            if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                return i;
    }
return -1;
}

Fail-Fast机制:

ArrayList也采用了快速失败的机制,通过记录modCount参数来实现。在面对并发的修改时,迭代器很快就会完全失败,而不是冒着在将来某个不确定时间发生任意不确定行为的风险。

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