1 系统介绍
如下图所见，学生管理系统总共包含四个大模块，七个小模块。本系统是一个用于管理学生个人信息的软件系统，实现对学生个人信息的增加、查询、删除和更新四大操作。
一．系统需求分析：
- 学生信息管理：能够添加学生信息，包含有学号、姓名、性别、年龄、地址和专业。
- 添加学生信息：（能逐条增加学生记录）
A: 学号（string）是学生的唯一标识，在添加新的学生信息要做好唯一性判断，同时学号表示学生是否存在，所以还需要做非空限制，学号的长度是固定的（12）并且学号前四位数字表示入学年份，应该做合理限制，限制在【1935,2023】
B: 姓名（string）也做非空限制，只有当清楚学号和姓名才能进行添加操作，姓名字符长度限制在【2,7】
C：性别（string）限制在“男”或“女”，当性别不清楚是，用户可以不输入，跳到下一信息的录入操作，该字段会被赋值NULL。
D：年龄（string）限制在【17,45】，同样用户也能选择跳过，字段被赋值NULL。
E: 剩下地址和专业（string），也能置空，字段被赋值NULL。
- 数据查询：（信息用表格形式展示）
A：单条件查询
能够通过给定条件查询学生的信息，给定的条件如学号、姓名、地址、专业。
B：多条件查询
能够支持同时指定多个条件的查询：例如查询“18岁的浙江省男生信息”规范用户输入格式（缺失用“/”，间隔用“*”）
C: 模糊查询：
能进行模糊查询，比如查询名字中包含“小”字的学生；
D：统计查询
能统计满足某个条件的学生人数；（统计年龄、性别、地址）
- 删除学生信息：
可以删除指定条件的学生信息，学号作为学生唯一性标识，通过学号删除，避免误删。
5.更新学生信息：
通过学号查找到需要更新信息的学生，通过用户录入新的信息更新，可更新姓名，性别，年龄，住址和专业。规范用户输入（姓名*性别*年龄*住址*专业 (不改变则用/代替并使用*作为间隔)）。
- 系统技术平台和标准：
- 编程语言：采用C++语言实现系统的开发
- 开发平台 ：Visual Studio 2022
- 数据存储：文本文件TXT格式ANSI编码
- 用户界面：Visual Studio 2022 控制台
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <codecvt>
using namespace std;
// 学生信息结构体
struct Student {
string id;
string name;
string gender;
string age;
string address;
string major;
};
// 从字符串解析出一个学生对象
Student parse_student(const string& line) {
Student student;
stringstream ss(line);
getline(ss, student.id, ',');
getline(ss, student.name, ',');
getline(ss, student.gender, ',');
getline(ss, student.age, ',');
getline(ss, student.address, ',');
getline(ss, student.major, ',');
return student;
}
// 将一个学生对象转换为字符串
string to_string(const Student& student) {
stringstream ss;
ss << student.id << "," << student.name << "," << student.gender << "," << student.age << ","
<< student.address << "," << student.major;
return ss.str();
}
//输出查找学生的结果
void print_studnet(vector<Student>stu) {
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
cout << "| 学号 | 姓名 | 性别 | 年龄| 住址 | 专业 |" << endl;
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
for (const auto& s : stu) {
cout << "|" << left << setw(14) << s.id << "|" << left << setw(11) << s.name << "|" << left << setw(7) << s.gender << " |" << left << setw(5) << s.age << "|" << left << setw(19) << s.address << "|" << left << setw(19) << s.major << "|" << endl;
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
}
}
// 写入学生信息
void write_students(const vector<Student>& students) {
ofstream ofs("student.txt",ios::app);
if (!ofs) {
cerr << "打开文件写入失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
for (const auto& student : students) {
ofs << to_string(student) << endl;
}
ofs.close();
}
//直接查询文件数据，看学号是否重复
bool is_same_student_id(const string& id) {
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
string line;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
if (student.id == id) {
ifs.close(); // 关闭资源
return true;
}
}
ifs.close();
return false;
}
void muti_check2() {
vector<Student>stu;
string order, age, gen, add;
cout << "请输入你的查询条件: (用*作为间隔） " << endl;
cout << "样例： 18*浙江省*男" << "（年龄，地址，性别）缺失用/代替" << endl;
cin >> order;
stringstream ss(order);
getline(ss, age, '*');
getline(ss, add, '*');
getline(ss, gen, '*');
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
string line;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
bool r1 = age==student.age;
bool r2 = student.address.find(add) != string::npos;
bool r3 = student.gender==gen;
if (age=="/")
{
r1 = 1;
}
if (add=="/")
{
r2=1;
}
if (gen=="/")
{
r3 = 1;
}
if (r1 == 1 && r2 == 1 && r3 == 1) {
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
print_studnet(stu);
system("pause");
}
//模糊
void fuzzy_check() {
cout << "名字模糊查询：" << endl;
cout << "查询名字包含X的学生：" << endl;
cout << "X：" << endl;
string x;
cin >> x;
vector<Student>stu;
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
string line;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
bool r1 = student.name.find(x) != string::npos;
if (r1 == 1) {
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
print_studnet(stu);
system("pause");
}
// 添加学生信息
void add_student() {
Student student;
vector<Student> students;
outer:
while (true) {
cin.ignore();
cout << "正在进行学生添加操作，退出请输入0" << endl;
cout << "请输入学生学号：" << endl;
getline(cin, student.id);
if (student.id=="0")
{
return;
}
if (student.id.length() != 12 || student.id == " " || (stoi(student.id.substr(0, 4)) < 1935 || stoi(student.id.substr(0, 4)) > 2023))
{
cout << "学号输入错误！" << endl;
continue;
}
// 检查学号是否唯一
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
if (is_same_student_id(student.id)) {
cout << "学号已经存在!" << endl;
continue;
}
else {
break;
}
goto next1;
ifs.close();
}
next1:
while (true)
{
cout << "请输入学生姓名:" << endl;
getline(cin, student.name);
if (student.name.length() < 2 || student.name.length() > 7 || student.name.empty())
{
cout << "姓名输入错误!" << endl;
continue;
}
else
{
goto next2;
}
}
next2:
while (true)
{
cout << "请输入学生性别:" << endl;
getline(cin, student.gender);
if (student.gender=="男"||student.gender=="女")
{
goto next3;
}
else if(student.gender == " "||student.gender.empty())
{
student.gender = "NULL";
goto next3;
}
else
{
cout << "性别输入错误！" << endl;
continue;
}
}
next3:
while (true)
{
cout << "请输入学生年龄: 未知则输入0" << endl;
cin >> student.age;
if (student.age=="0")
{
student.age = "NULL";
goto next4;
}
if ((stoi(student.age) >= 17 && stoi(student.age) <= 45)||stoi(student.age)==0)
{
goto next4;
}
else {
continue;
}
}
next4:
cin.ignore();
cout << "请输入学生地址:" << endl;
getline(cin, student.address);
if (student.address.empty())
{
student.address = "NULL";
}
cout << "请输入学生专业:" << endl;
getline(cin, student.major);
if (student.major.empty())
{
student.major = "NULL";
}
students.push_back(student);
write_students(students);
cout << "添加学生成功." << endl;
system("pause");
system("cls");
}
//查询学生信息
void check_student() {
ou:
while (true) {
cin.clear();
system("cls");
int choice_1;
vector<Student>stu;
cout << "=====================查询学生信息=====================" << endl;
cout << "=== 请选择你的操作 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 0.单条件查询 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 1.多条件查询 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 2.模糊查询 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 3.统计查询 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 4.退出查询 ===" << endl;
cout << "======================================================" << endl;
cin >> choice_1;
switch (choice_1)
{
case 0:
while (true)
{
cout << "请选择你的条件:" << endl;
cout << "1:学号查询" << endl;
cout << "2:姓名查询" << endl;
cout << "3:住址查询" << endl;
cout << "4:专业查询" << endl;
cout << "5:返回查询" << endl;
int choice_2;
cin >> choice_2;
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
switch (choice_2)
{
outer:
case 1: { string line;
cout << "请输入学号:" << endl;
string id;
cin >> id;
if (id.length()!=12)
{
cout << "错误输入！" << endl;
goto outer;
}
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
if (student.id == id) {
stu.push_back(student);
break;
}
}
ifs.close();
print_studnet(stu);
break; }
case 2:
{ string line;
cout << "请输入姓名:" << endl;
string name;
cin >> name;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
if (student.name ==name ) {
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
print_studnet(stu);
break; }
case 3:
{ string line;
cout << "请输入住址:" << endl;
string address;
cin >> address;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
if (student.address == address) {
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
print_studnet(stu);
break;
}
case 4: {
string line;
cout << "请输入专业:" << endl;
string _maj;
cin >> _maj;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
if (student.major == _maj) {
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
print_studnet(stu);
break;
}
case 5:
system("cls");
goto ou;
default:
cout << "非法输入！" << endl;
system("pause");
goto to;
// break;
}
}
case 1:muti_check2();
break;
case 2:fuzzy_check();
break;
case 3:
to: while (true)
{
system("cls");
int choice_3;
vector<Student>stu;
cout << "=====================统计查询入口=====================" << endl;
cout << "=== 请选择你的操作 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 1.统计年龄 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 2.统计地址 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 3.统计性别 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 4.退出查询 ===" << endl;
cout << "======================================================" << endl;
while (true)
{
cin.clear();
cin >> choice_3;
switch (choice_3)
{
case 1: {
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
cout << "请输入年龄 只需要数字" << endl;
string _age;
cin >> _age;
if (stoi(_age)<17||stoi(_age)>45)
{
cout << "年龄输入错误！" << endl;
system("pause");
goto to;
}
string line;
int count = 0;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
bool r1 = _age==student.age;
if (r1 == 1) {
++count;
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
cout << "符合条件的学生共有" << count << "名" << endl;
print_studnet(stu);
system("pause");
goto to;
}
case 2: {
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
cout << "请输入地址" << endl;
string _add;
cin >> _add;
string line;
int count = 0;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
bool r1 = student.address.find(_add) != string::npos;
if (r1 == 1) {
++count;
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
cout << "符合条件的学生共有" << count << "名" << endl;
print_studnet(stu);
system("pause");
goto to;
}
case 3: {
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件读取失败！" << endl;
exit(1);
}
cout << "请输入性别" << endl;
string _gen;
cin >> _gen;
if (_gen!="男"&&_gen!="女")
{
cout << "性别输入错误"<< endl;
system("pause");
goto to;
}
string line;
int count = 0;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
bool r1 = student.gender.find(_gen) != string::npos;
if (r1 == 1) {
++count;
stu.push_back(student);
}
}
ifs.close();
cout << "符合条件的学生共有" << count << "名" << endl;
print_studnet(stu);
system("pause");
goto to;
}
case 4: { return; }
default:
cout << "非法输入！" << endl;
system("pause");
goto to;
}
}
}
break;
case 4:system("cls");
return;
default:
cout << "非法输入！" << endl;
system("pause");
goto ou;
}
}
}
// 删除符合条件的学生信息
void delete_student( const string& id) {
// 打开输入输出文件流
ifstream ifs("student.txt");
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件失败！" << endl;
return;
}
ofstream ofs("temp.txt");
if (!ofs) {
cerr << "创建临时文件失败！" << endl;
return;
}
string line;
bool found = false;
while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
if (student.id == id) {
found = true;
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
cout << "| 学号 | 姓名 | 性别 | 年龄| 住址 | 专业 |" << endl;
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
cout << "|" << left << setw(14) << student.id << "|" << left << setw(11) << student.name << "|" << left << setw(7) << student.gender << " |" << left << setw(5) << student.age << "|" << left << setw(19) << student.address << "|" << left << setw(19) << student.major << "|" << endl;
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
cout << "已找到该学生信息，是否确认删除？（Y/N）";
cout<<endl;
char choice;
cin >> choice;
if (choice == 'Y' || choice == 'y') {
continue; // 不写入该行记录，从而删除
}
}
ofs << line << endl;
}
ifs.close();
ofs.close();
if (!found) {
cout << "未找到该学生信息！" << endl;
}
else {
//删除旧文件，改临时为正式文件
remove("student.txt");
rename("temp.txt", "student.txt");
cout << "已删除该学生信息！" << endl;
system("pause");
return;
}
}
// 更新符合条件的学生信息
void update_student( const string& id) {
system("cls");
// 打开输入输出文件流
ifstream ifs("student.txt",ios::in|ios::out);
if (!ifs) {
cerr << "打开文件失败！" << endl;
return;
}
ofstream ofs("student.txt",ios::in|ios::out);
if (!ofs) {
cerr << "打开文件失败！" << endl;
return;
}
string line;
bool found = false;
ou: while (getline(ifs, line)) {
Student student = parse_student(line);
if (student.id == id) {
int pos = static_cast<int>(ifs.tellg()) - static_cast<int>(line.size())-2;
found = true;
cout << "| 学号 | 姓名 | 性别 | 年龄| 住址 | 专业 |" << endl;
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
cout << "|" << left << setw(14) << student.id << "|" << left << setw(11) << student.name << "|" << left << setw(7) << student.gender << " |" << left << setw(5) << student.age << "|" << left << setw(19) << student.address << "|" << left << setw(19) << student.major << "|" << endl;
cout << "+--------------+-----------+--------+-----+-------------------+-------------------+" << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << "请依次输入 姓名*性别*年龄*住址*专业 (不改变则用/代替并使用*作为间隔) 退出请输入0";
string order, name,age, gen, add, maj;
cout << endl;
cin >> order;
if (order=="0")
{
return;
}
stringstream ss(order);
getline(ss, name, '*');
getline(ss, gen, '*');
getline(ss, age, '*');
getline(ss, add, '*');
getline(ss, maj, '*');
if ((name!="/")&& (name.length()>1&&name.length()<=7))
{
student.name = name;
}
else if ((name != "/") && (name.length() <= 1 || name.length() >= 7))
{
cout << "姓名输入错误！" << endl;
goto ou;
}
if ((gen!="/")&&(gen=="男"||gen=="女"))
{
student.gender = gen;
}
else if ((gen != "/") && (gen != "男" && gen != "女"))
{
cout << "性别输入错误" << endl;
goto ou;
}
if ((age!="/")&&(stoi(age)<45&&stoi(age)>=17))
{
student.age = age;
}
else if ((age != "/") && (stoi(age) >=45 || stoi(age) < 17))
{
cout << "年龄输入错误" << endl;
goto ou;
}
if (add != "/")
{
student.address = add;
}
if (maj != "/")
{
student.major = maj;
}
ofs.seekp(pos, ios::beg);
ofs << to_string(student) << endl;
}
}
ifs.close();
ofs.close();
if (!found) {
cout << "该学号不存在！" << endl;
system("pause");
return;
}
cout << "已更新该学生信息！" << endl;
system("pause");
return;
}
int main() {
outer0:
while (true) {
system("cls");
cout << "==============欢迎来到学生信息管理系统==============" << endl;
cout << "=== 请选择你的操作 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 1.添加学生 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 2.查询学生 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 3.删除学生 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 4.更新学生 ===" << endl;
cout << "=== 5.退出系统 ===" << endl;
cout << "====================================================" << endl;
int choice = 0;
cin >> choice;
switch (choice) {
case 1:
add_student();
break;
case 2: {
check_student();
break;
}
case 3: { string id;
while (true)
{
cout << "正在进行删除操作 返回则输入0" << endl;
cout << "请输入学号：" << endl;
cin >> id;
if (id == "0")
{
goto outer0;
}
else if (id.length()!=12)
{
cout << "学号格式错误！" << endl;
continue;
}
else { break; }
}
delete_student( id);
break;
}
case 4: {
string id;
while (true)
{
cout << "正在进行修改信息操作 返回则输入0" << endl;
cout << "请输入学号：" << endl;
cin >> id;
if (id == "0")
{
goto outer0;
}
else if (id.length() != 12)
{
cout << "学号格式错误！" << endl;
continue;
}
else { break; }
}
update_student( id);
break;
}
case 5:
return 0;
default:
cout<< "非法输入！" << endl;
system("pause");
system("cls");
break;
}
}
return 0;
}- 删除学生模块：
通过学生学号来对指定学生进行删除，同样对用户输入的学号做提前过滤，避免无效输入。痛过ifstream和ofstream来对文件进行读写操作，建立临时文件“temp.txt”，使用 while循环不断逐行读取解析学生信息，拿到学号与用户所录入的学号做比照，若不符合，则将该行学生数据写进临时文件；若符合，则跳过该行学生数据，写入下一行数据，最后再将原学生信息文本数据删除，将临时文件重命名为正式文件“student.txt”，实现对于该学生数据的删除功能
2.更新学生模块：
同样通过学生学号查询到需要修改的学生。用户输入学号，过滤，查找，使用seekp方法对该行学生数据定位，并将该行学生文本数据读取解析为student，通过用户选择性更新字段信息，对学生进行重新赋值，当出现用户输入字段信息非法，则提示用户，并让用户重新操作，规范用户输入（姓名*性别*年龄*住址*专业 (不改变则用/代替并使用*作为间隔)）
最后将student转为字符串，通过ofstream写进对应行，实现覆盖原行数据，达到修改操作。
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