Java堆和栈的区别

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堆和栈的区别

栈与堆都是Java用来在Ram中存放数据的地方 。与C++不同，Java自动管理栈和堆，程序员不能直接地设置栈或堆。

Java 的堆是一个运行时数据区,类的对象从中分配空间。这些对象通过new、newarray、anewarray和multianewarray等指令建 立，它们不需要程序代码来显式的释放。堆是由垃圾回收来负责的，堆的优势是可以动态地分配内存大小，生存期也不必事先告诉编译器，因为它是在运行时动态分 配内存的，Java的垃圾收集器会自动收走这些不再使用的数据。但缺点是，由于要在运行时动态分配内存，存取速度较慢。

栈的优势是， 存取速度比堆要快，仅次于寄存器， 栈数据可以共享。但缺点是，存在栈中的数据大小与生存期必须是确定的，缺乏灵活性。栈中主要存放一些基本类型的变量 （,int, short, long, byte, float, double, boolean, char）和对象句柄。

栈有一个很重要的特殊性，就是存在栈中的数据可以共享。假设我们同时定义：
int a = 3;
int b = 3；
编 译器先处理int a = 3；首先它会在栈中创建一个变量为a的引用，然后查找栈中是否有3这个值，如果没找到，就将3存放进来，然后将a指向3。接着处理int b = 3；在创建完b的引用变量后，因为在栈中已经有3这个值，便将b直接指向3。这样，就出现了a与b同时均指向3的情况。

这时，如果再令a=4；那么编译器会重新搜索栈中是否有4值，如果没有，则将4存放进来，并令a指向4；如果已经有了，则直接将a指向这个地址。因此a值的改变不会影响到b的值。

要注意这种数据的共享与两个对象的引用同时指向一个对象的这种共享是不同的，因为这种情况a的修改并不会影响到b, 它是由编译器完成的，它有利于节省空间。而一个对象引用变量修改了这个对象的内部状态，会影响到另一个对象引用变量。

String是一个特殊的包装类数据。可以用：
String str = new String("abc");
String str = "abc";
两种的形式来创建，第一种是用new()来新建对象的，它会在存放于堆中。每调用一次就会创建一个新的对象。
而第二种是先在栈中创建一个对String类的对象引用变量str，然后查找栈中有没有存放"abc"，如果没有，则将"abc"存放进栈，并令str指向”abc”，如果已经有”abc” 则直接令str指向“abc”。

比较类里面的数值是否相等时，用equals()方法；当测试两个包装类的引用是否指向同一个对象时，用==，下面用例子说明上面的理论。
String str1 = "abc";
String str2 = "abc";
System.out.println(str1==str2); //true
可以看出str1和str2是指向同一个对象的。

String str1 =new String ("abc");
String str2 =new String ("abc");
System.out.println(str1==str2); // false
用new的方式是生成不同的对象。每一次生成一个。


因 此用第一种方式创建多个”abc”字符串,在内存中其实只存在一个对象而已. 这种写法有利与节省内存空间. 同时它可以在一定程度上提高程序的运行速度，因为JVM会自动根据栈中数据的实际情况来决定是否有必要创建新对象。而对于String str = new String("abc")；的代码，则一概在堆中创建新对象，而不管其字符串值是否相等，是否有必要创建新对象，从而加重了程序的负担。

另 一方面, 要注意: 我们在使用诸如String str = "abc"；的格式定义类时，总是想当然地认为，创建了String类的对象str。担心陷阱！对象可能并没有被创建！ 而可能只是指向一个先前已经创建的 对象。只有通过new()方法才能保证每次都创建一个新的对象。
由于String类的immutable性质，当String变量需要经常变换其值时，应该考虑使用StringBuffer类，以提高程序效率。

 

 

补充：

FROM : http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jvms/second_edition/html/Overview.doc.html#1732

 

3.5.2 Java Virtual Machine Stacks

Each Java virtual machine thread has a private Java virtual machine stack , created at the same time as the thread.³ A Java virtual machine stack stores frames (§3.6) .

 

A Java virtual machine stack is analogous to the stack of a conventional language such as C: it holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method invocation and return. Because the Java virtual machine stack is never manipulated directly except to push and pop frames, frames may be heap allocated. The memory for a Java virtual machine stack does not need to be contiguous.

 

The Java virtual machine specification permits Java virtual machine stacks either to be of a fixed size or to dynamically expand and contract as required by the computation. If the Java virtual machine stacks are of a fixed size, the size of each Java virtual machine stack may be chosen independently when that stack is created. A Java virtual machine implementation may provide the programmer or the user control over the initial size of Java virtual machine stacks, as well as, in the case of dynamically expanding or contracting Java virtual machine stacks, control over the maximum and minimum sizes.⁴

The following exceptional conditions are associated with Java virtual machine stacks:

 

• If the computation in a thread requires a larger Java virtual machine stack than is permitted, the Java virtual machine throws a StackOverflowError .

   

• If Java virtual machine stacks can be dynamically expanded, and expansion is attempted but insufficient memory can be made available to effect the expansion, or if insufficient memory can be made available to create the initial Java virtual machine stack for a new thread, the Java virtual machine throws an OutOfMemoryError .

3.5.3 Heap

The Java virtual machine has a heap that is shared among all Java virtual machine threads.

 

The heap is the runtime data area from which memory for all class instances and arrays is allocated.

The heap is created on virtual machine start-up. Heap storage for objects is reclaimed by an automatic storage management system (known as a garbage collector ); objects are never explicitly deallocated. The Java virtual machine assumes no particular type of automatic storage management system, and the storage management technique may be chosen according to the implementor's system requirements. The heap may be of a fixed size or may be expanded as required by the computation and may be contracted if a larger heap becomes unnecessary. The memory for the heap does not need to be contiguous.

A Java virtual machine implementation may provide the programmer or the user control over the initial size of the heap, as well as, if the heap can be dynamically expanded or contracted, control over the maximum and minimum heap size.⁵

 

The following exceptional condition is associated with the heap:

 

• If a computation requires more heap than can be made available by the automatic storage management system, the Java virtual machine throws an OutOfMemoryError .