编写兼容 Python 2 和 Python 3 的代码

注：本文的作者是 Ed Schofield。原文的地址为： Cheat Sheet: Writing Python 2-3 compatible code

该笔记向你展示了编写不会过时的兼容 Python 2 和 Python 3 的代码风格。

它是 Ed Schofield 在 PyCon AU 2014 的演讲，“ Writing 2/3 compatible code ”。

最低版本：

• Python 2: 2.6+
• Python 3: 3.3+

安装

一些下面的 imports 适用于使用 pip 安装在 PyPI 上安装：

import future        # pip install future
import past          # pip install past
import six           # pip install six

以下的脚本也适用于 pip 安装：

futurize             # pip install futurize
pasteurize           # pip install pasteurize

查看 http://python-future.org 和 https://pythonhosted.org/six/ 获取更多消息。

基本语法差异

print：

# Python 2 only:
print 'Hello'

# Python 2 and 3:
print('Hello')

为了打印出多个 strings。 import print_function 来防止 Py2 把它解释成一个元组。

# Python 2 only:
print 'Hello', 'Guido'

# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import print_function    # (at top of module)

print('Hello', 'Guido')

# Python 2 only:
print >> sys.stderr, 'Hello'

# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import print_function

print('Hello', file=sys.stderr)

# Python 2 only:
print 'Hello',

# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import print_function

print('Hello', end='')

抛出异常

# Python 2 only:
raise ValueError, "dodgy value"

# Python 2 and 3:
raise ValueError("dodgy value")

使用 traceback 抛出异常：

# Python 2 only:
traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
raise ValueError, "dodgy value", traceback

# Python 3 only:
raise ValueError("dodgy value").with_traceback()

# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from six import reraise as raise_
# or
from future.utils import raise_

traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
raise_(ValueError, "dodgy value", traceback)

# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from future.utils import raise_with_traceback

raise_with_traceback(ValueError("dodgy value"))

异常链 (PEP 3134):

# Setup:
class DatabaseError(Exception):
    pass

# Python 3 only
class FileDatabase:
    def __init__(self, filename):
        try:
            self.file = open(filename)
        except IOError as exc:
            raise DatabaseError('failed to open') from exc

# Python 2 and 3:
from future.utils import raise_from

class FileDatabase:
    def __init__(self, filename):
        try:
            self.file = open(filename)
        except IOError as exc:
            raise_from(DatabaseError('failed to open'), exc)

# Testing the above:
try:
    fd = FileDatabase('non_existent_file.txt')
except Exception as e:
    assert isinstance(e.__cause__, IOError)    # FileNotFoundError on Py3.3+ inherits from IOError

捕获异常：

# Python 2 only:
try:
    ...
except ValueError, e:
    ...

# Python 2 and 3:
try:
    ...
except ValueError as e:
    ...

除法

整除（rounding down）：

# Python 2 only:
assert 2 / 3 == 0

# Python 2 and 3:
assert 2 // 3 == 0

“True division” (float division):

# Python 3 only:
assert 3 / 2 == 1.5

# Python 2 and 3:
from __future__ import division    # (at top of module)

assert 3 / 2 == 1.5

“Old division” (i.e. compatible with Py2 behaviour):

# Python 2 only:
a = b / c            # with any types

# Python 2 and 3:
from past.utils import old_div

a = old_div(b, c)    # always same as / on Py2

长整数

短整数在 Python 3 中已经去除了，并且 long 已经变成了 int（没有 L 在 repr 后面）

# Python 2 only
k = 9223372036854775808L

# Python 2 and 3:
k = 9223372036854775808

# Python 2 only
bigint = 1L

# Python 2 and 3
from future.builtins import int
bigint = int(1)

为了测试一个值是否是整数（任何类型）：

# Python 2 only:
if isinstance(x, (int, long)):
    ...

# Python 3 only:
if isinstance(x, int):
    ...

# Python 2 and 3: option 1
from future.builtins import int    # subclass of long on Py2

if isinstance(x, int):             # matches both int and long on Py2
    ...

# Python 2 and 3: option 2
from past.builtins import