SrpingBoot源码解析（三）

一、Spring Boot概述

Spring Boot是由Pivotal团队开发的一个开源框架，其目标是简化Spring应用的初始化和开发过程。它提供了一种快速构建独立、可运行的、生产级别的Spring应用程序的方式。Spring Boot使用了约定优于配置的原则，大部分的配置都是默认的，这大大减少了开发人员的工作量。

二、Spring Boot的特点

1. 独立运行：Spring Boot可以打包成一个可执行的JAR文件，不需要依赖Tomcat或其他Servlet容器就可以独立运行。
2. 自动配置：Spring Boot能自动配置大部分常用的设置，开发人员不需要手动配置。
3. 简化Maven配置：Spring Boot提供了starter POMs，可以简化Maven的依赖配置。
4. 嵌入式Servlet容器：Spring Boot内嵌了Tomcat、Jetty等Servlet容器，简化了部署。
5. 简化Spring开发：通过自动配置和约定大于配置的原则，简化了Spring应用的开发过程。
6. 集成了大量常用的第三方库：Spring Boot集成了大量常用的第三方库，如H2数据库、Thymeleaf模板引擎等。
7. 提供了生产就绪功能：例如健康检查和外部化配置，使应用更好地适应生产环境。
8. 强大的社区支持：Spring Boot有庞大的开发者社区，为开发者提供了丰富的资源和支持。

三、如何使用Spring Boot

1. 创建项目：使用Spring Initializr创建一个新的Spring Boot项目。也可以选择使用构建工具如Maven或Gradle。
2. 定义应用程序的主类：创建一个主类，并使用@SpringBootApplication注解标记它。这个注解是一个复合注解，它包括了@Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration和@ComponentScan。
3. 编写业务代码：在主类中定义一个或多个Controller类，用于处理HTTP请求和响应。在Controller类中编写业务逻辑，并使用Model类传递数据。
4. 配置文件：在src/main/resources目录下创建或修改application.properties或application.yml文件，用于配置应用程序的参数。
5. 运行应用程序：使用命令行运行应用程序。如果使用Maven，可以在命令行中输入mvn spring-boot:run；如果使用Gradle，可以在命令行中输入gradle bootRun。
6. 测试应用程序：使用JUnit对应用程序进行单元测试和集成测试。Spring Boot集成了JUnit，可以方便地编写和运行测试用例。
7. 打包部署：如果需要将应用程序部署到生产环境，可以使用Spring Boot的打包功能将应用程序打包成一个可执行的JAR文件或WAR文件，然后将其部署到服务器上。

四、最佳实践

1. 遵循单一职责原则：每个类和组件都应该有单一的职责，避免出现职责过多的类或组件。这可以提高代码的可维护性和可读性。
2. 使用Lombok减少代码量：Lombok是一个Java库，可以减少模板代码的编写量。通过在类中添加Lombok注解，可以自动生成一些常用的方法，如getters和setters等。
3. 利用Spring Data JPA简化数据库操作：Spring Data JPA是一个简化数据库操作的框架，通过简单的注解和接口定义就可以实现数据库操作。它能够大大提高开发效率。
4. 利用Spring Cloud提高可扩展性：Spring Cloud是一套基于Spring Boot的微服务开发框架，它提供了服务注册与发现、负载均衡、熔断机制等功能，可以提高应用程序的可扩展性和可靠性。
5. 遵循RESTful原则设计API：RESTful是一种设计API的风格，它强调使用HTTP协议的方法（如GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等）来进行资源的操作。遵循RESTful原则可以提高API的可读性和可维护性。
6. 使用AOP（面向切面编程）进行日志和安全控制：AOP是一种编程范式，它允许程序员定义“切面”，用于在程序的特定点（如方法调用之前或之后）执行特定的代码。这可以用于实现日志记录、安全控制等功能。
7. 利用Docker进行容器化部署：Docker是一种容器化技术，它可以让应用程序与其依赖项一起打包并部署到任何地方。通过使用Docker，可以简化部署过程并提高应用程序的可移植性。
8. 利用性能监控和度量数据进行优化：性能监控和度量是任何应用程序的重要部分。通过收集和分析这些数据，开发人员可以找出性能瓶颈并进行优化。一些工具如Prometheus和Grafana可以帮助实现这一目标。
9. 利用Spring Security进行安全控制

Springboot封装读取配置文件的类。前面在SrpingBoot源码解析（一）里已经说过，springboot的启动是通过SpringApplication.run方法启动，读取配置。那么读取配置的是哪个类呢。是这个ConfigurableApplicationContext。

下面是它的源码，它是一个接口，从接口方法中可以看出ConfigurableApplicationContext本身可以启动getApplicationStartup ，然后读取一些环境变量信息ConfigurableEnvironment getEnvironment();  它本身也是一个bean，通过类加载器进行初始化， void setClassLoader(ClassLoader classLoader); 创建出bean。 ConfigurableListableBeanFactory getBeanFactory() throws IllegalStateException; 从源码中可以看出ConfigurableApplicationContext，具有监听上下文配置信息变化的功能。

void addApplicationListener(ApplicationListener<?> listener);

和生命周期管理功能 Lifecycle

/*
 * Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.context;

import java.io.Closeable;

import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanFactoryPostProcessor;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.ConfigurableListableBeanFactory;
import org.springframework.core.env.ConfigurableEnvironment;
import org.springframework.core.env.Environment;
import org.springframework.core.io.ProtocolResolver;
import org.springframework.core.metrics.ApplicationStartup;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;

/**
 * SPI interface to be implemented by most if not all application contexts.
 * Provides facilities to configure an application context in addition
 * to the application context client methods in the
 * {@link org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext} interface.
 *
 * <p>Configuration and lifecycle methods are encapsulated here to avoid
 * making them obvious to ApplicationContext client code. The present
 * methods should only be used by startup and shutdown code.
 *
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @author Chris Beams
 * @author Sam Brannen
 * @since 03.11.2003
 */
public interface ConfigurableApplicationContext extends ApplicationContext, Lifecycle, Closeable {

	/**
	 * Any number of these characters are considered delimiters between
	 * multiple context config paths in a single String value.
	 * @see org.springframework.context.support.AbstractXmlApplicationContext#setConfigLocation
	 * @see org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader#CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM
	 * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet#setContextConfigLocation
	 */
	String CONFIG_LOCATION_DELIMITERS = ",; \t\n";

	/**
	 * Name of the ConversionService bean in the factory.
	 * If none is supplied, default conversion rules apply.
	 * @since 3.0
	 * @see org.springframework.core.convert.ConversionService
	 */
	String CONVERSION_SERVICE_BEAN_NAME = "conversionService";

	/**
	 * Name of the LoadTimeWeaver bean in the factory. If such a bean is supplied,
	 * the context will use a temporary ClassLoader for type matching, in order
	 * to allow the LoadTimeWeaver to process all actual bean classes.
	 * @since 2.5
	 * @see org.springframework.instrument.classloading.LoadTimeWeaver
	 */
	String LOAD_TIME_WEAVER_BEAN_NAME = "loadTimeWeaver";

	/**
	 * Name of the {@link Environment} bean in the factory.
	 * @since 3.1
	 */
	String ENVIRONMENT_BEAN_NAME = "environment";

	/**
	 * Name of the System properties bean in the factory.
	 * @see java.lang.System#getProperties()
	 */
	String SYSTEM_PROPERTIES_BEAN_NAME = "systemProperties";

	/**
	 * Name of the System environment bean in the factory.
	 * @see java.lang.System#getenv()
	 */
	String SYSTEM_ENVIRONMENT_BEAN_NAME = "systemEnvironment";

	/**
	 * Name of the {@link ApplicationStartup} bean in the factory.
	 * @since 5.3
	 */
	String APPLICATION_STARTUP_BEAN_NAME = "applicationStartup";

	/**
	 * {@link Thread#getName() Name} of the {@linkplain #registerShutdownHook()
	 * shutdown hook} thread: {@value}.
	 * @since 5.2
	 * @see #registerShutdownHook()
	 */
	String SHUTDOWN_HOOK_THREAD_NAME = "SpringContextShutdownHook";


	/**
	 * Set the unique id of this application context.
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	void setId(String id);

	/**
	 * Set the parent of this application context.
	 * <p>Note that the parent shouldn't be changed: It should only be set outside
	 * a constructor if it isn't available when an object of this class is created,
	 * for example in case of WebApplicationContext setup.
	 * @param parent the parent context
	 * @see org.springframework.web.context.ConfigurableWebApplicationContext
	 */
	void setParent(@Nullable ApplicationContext parent);

	/**
	 * Set the {@code Environment} for this application context.
	 * @param environment the new environment
	 * @since 3.1
	 */
	void setEnvironment(ConfigurableEnvironment environment);

	/**
	 * Return the {@code Environment} for this application context in configurable
	 * form, allowing for further customization.
	 * @since 3.1
	 */
	@Override
	ConfigurableEnvironment getEnvironment();

	/**
	 * Set the {@link ApplicationStartup} for this application context.
	 * <p>This allows the application context to record metrics
	 * during startup.
	 * @param applicationStartup the new context event factory
	 * @since 5.3
	 */
	void setApplicationStartup(ApplicationStartup applicationStartup);

	/**
	 * Return the {@link ApplicationStartup} for this application context.
	 * @since 5.3
	 */
	ApplicationStartup getApplicationStartup();

	/**
	 * Add a new BeanFactoryPostProcessor that will get applied to the internal
	 * bean factory of this application context on refresh, before any of the
	 * bean definitions get evaluated. To be invoked during context configuration.
	 * @param postProcessor the factory processor to register
	 */
	void addBeanFactoryPostProcessor(BeanFactoryPostProcessor postProcessor);

	/**
	 * Add a new ApplicationListener that will be notified on context events
	 * such as context refresh and context shutdown.
	 * <p>Note that any ApplicationListener registered here will be applied
	 * on refresh if the context is not active yet, or on the fly with the
	 * current event multicaster in case of a context that is already active.
	 * @param listener the ApplicationListener to register
	 * @see org.springframework.context.event.ContextRefreshedEvent
	 * @see org.springframework.context.event.ContextClosedEvent
	 */
	void addApplicationListener(ApplicationListener<?> listener);

	/**
	 * Specify the ClassLoader to load class path resources and bean classes with.
	 * <p>This context class loader will be passed to the internal bean factory.
	 * @since 5.2.7
	 * @see org.springframework.core.io.DefaultResourceLoader#DefaultResourceLoader(ClassLoader)
	 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.config.ConfigurableBeanFactory#setBeanClassLoader
	 */
	void setClassLoader(ClassLoader classLoader);

	/**
	 * Register the given protocol resolver with this application context,
	 * allowing for additional resource protocols to be handled.
	 * <p>Any such resolver will be invoked ahead of this context's standard
	 * resolution rules. It may therefore also override any default rules.
	 * @since 4.3
	 */
	void addProtocolResolver(ProtocolResolver resolver);

	/**
	 * Load or refresh the persistent representation of the configuration, which
	 * might be from Java-based configuration, an XML file, a properties file, a
	 * relational database schema, or some other format.
	 * <p>As this is a startup method, it should destroy already created singletons
	 * if it fails, to avoid dangling resources. In other words, after invocation
	 * of this method, either all or no singletons at all should be instantiated.
	 * @throws BeansException if the bean factory could not be initialized
	 * @throws IllegalStateException if already initialized and multiple refresh
	 * attempts are not supported
	 */
	void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException;

	/**
	 * Register a shutdown hook with the JVM runtime, closing this context
	 * on JVM shutdown unless it has already been closed at that time.
	 * <p>This method can be called multiple times. Only one shutdown hook
	 * (at max) will be registered for each context instance.
	 * <p>As of Spring Framework 5.2, the {@linkplain Thread#getName() name} of
	 * the shutdown hook thread should be {@link #SHUTDOWN_HOOK_THREAD_NAME}.
	 * @see java.lang.Runtime#addShutdownHook
	 * @see #close()
	 */
	void registerShutdownHook();

	/**
	 * Close this application context, releasing all resources and locks that the
	 * implementation might hold. This includes destroying all cached singleton beans.
	 * <p>Note: Does <i>not</i> invoke {@code close} on a parent context;
	 * parent contexts have their own, independent lifecycle.
	 * <p>This method can be called multiple times without side effects: Subsequent
	 * {@code close} calls on an already closed context will be ignored.
	 */
	@Override
	void close();

	/**
	 * Determine whether this application context is active, that is,
	 * whether it has been refreshed at least once and has not been closed yet.
	 * @return whether the context is still active
	 * @see #refresh()
	 * @see #close()
	 * @see #getBeanFactory()
	 */
	boolean isActive();

	/**
	 * Return the internal bean factory of this application context.
	 * Can be used to access specific functionality of the underlying factory.
	 * <p>Note: Do not use this to post-process the bean factory; singletons
	 * will already have been instantiated before. Use a BeanFactoryPostProcessor
	 * to intercept the BeanFactory setup process before beans get touched.
	 * <p>Generally, this internal factory will only be accessible while the context
	 * is active, that is, in-between {@link #refresh()} and {@link #close()}.
	 * The {@link #isActive()} flag can be used to check whether the context
	 * is in an appropriate state.
	 * @return the underlying bean factory
	 * @throws IllegalStateException if the context does not hold an internal
	 * bean factory (usually if {@link #refresh()} hasn't been called yet or
	 * if {@link #close()} has already been called)
	 * @see #isActive()
	 * @see #refresh()
	 * @see #close()
	 * @see #addBeanFactoryPostProcessor
	 */
	ConfigurableListableBeanFactory getBeanFactory() throws IllegalStateException;

}