SpringBoot源码解释（九）

一、Spring Boot概述

Spring Boot是由Pivotal团队开发的一个开源框架，其目标是简化Spring应用的初始化和开发过程。它提供了一种快速构建独立、可运行的、生产级别的Spring应用程序的方式。Spring Boot使用了约定优于配置的原则，大部分的配置都是默认的，这大大减少了开发人员的工作量。

二、Spring Boot的特点

1. 独立运行：Spring Boot可以打包成一个可执行的JAR文件，不需要依赖Tomcat或其他Servlet容器就可以独立运行。
2. 自动配置：Spring Boot能自动配置大部分常用的设置，开发人员不需要手动配置。
3. 简化Maven配置：Spring Boot提供了starter POMs，可以简化Maven的依赖配置。
4. 嵌入式Servlet容器：Spring Boot内嵌了Tomcat、Jetty等Servlet容器，简化了部署。
5. 简化Spring开发：通过自动配置和约定大于配置的原则，简化了Spring应用的开发过程。
6. 集成了大量常用的第三方库：Spring Boot集成了大量常用的第三方库，如H2数据库、Thymeleaf模板引擎等。
7. 提供了生产就绪功能：例如健康检查和外部化配置，使应用更好地适应生产环境。
8. 强大的社区支持：Spring Boot有庞大的开发者社区，为开发者提供了丰富的资源和支持。

三、如何使用Spring Boot

1. 创建项目：使用Spring Initializr创建一个新的Spring Boot项目。也可以选择使用构建工具如Maven或Gradle。
2. 定义应用程序的主类：创建一个主类，并使用@SpringBootApplication注解标记它。这个注解是一个复合注解，它包括了@Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration和@ComponentScan。
3. 编写业务代码：在主类中定义一个或多个Controller类，用于处理HTTP请求和响应。在Controller类中编写业务逻辑，并使用Model类传递数据。
4. 配置文件：在src/main/resources目录下创建或修改application.properties或application.yml文件，用于配置应用程序的参数。
5. 运行应用程序：使用命令行运行应用程序。如果使用Maven，可以在命令行中输入mvn spring-boot:run；如果使用Gradle，可以在命令行中输入gradle bootRun。
6. 测试应用程序：使用JUnit对应用程序进行单元测试和集成测试。Spring Boot集成了JUnit，可以方便地编写和运行测试用例。
7. 打包部署：如果需要将应用程序部署到生产环境，可以使用Spring Boot的打包功能将应用程序打包成一个可执行的JAR文件或WAR文件，然后将其部署到服务器上。

四、最佳实践

1. 遵循单一职责原则：每个类和组件都应该有单一的职责，避免出现职责过多的类或组件。这可以提高代码的可维护性和可读性。
2. 使用Lombok减少代码量：Lombok是一个Java库，可以减少模板代码的编写量。通过在类中添加Lombok注解，可以自动生成一些常用的方法，如getters和setters等。
3. 利用Spring Data JPA简化数据库操作：Spring Data JPA是一个简化数据库操作的框架，通过简单的注解和接口定义就可以实现数据库操作。它能够大大提高开发效率。
4. 利用Spring Cloud提高可扩展性：Spring Cloud是一套基于Spring Boot的微服务开发框架，它提供了服务注册与发现、负载均衡、熔断机制等功能，可以提高应用程序的可扩展性和可靠性。
5. 遵循RESTful原则设计API：RESTful是一种设计API的风格，它强调使用HTTP协议的方法（如GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等）来进行资源的操作。遵循RESTful原则可以提高API的可读性和可维护性。
6. 使用AOP（面向切面编程）进行日志和安全控制：AOP是一种编程范式，它允许程序员定义“切面”，用于在程序的特定点（如方法调用之前或之后）执行特定的代码。这可以用于实现日志记录、安全控制等功能。
7. 利用Docker进行容器化部署：Docker是一种容器化技术，它可以让应用程序与其依赖项一起打包并部署到任何地方。通过使用Docker，可以简化部署过程并提高应用程序的可移植性。
8. 利用性能监控和度量数据进行优化：性能监控和度量是任何应用程序的重要部分。通过收集和分析这些数据，开发人员可以找出性能瓶颈并进行优化。一些工具如Prometheus和Grafana可以帮助实现这一目标。
9. 利用Spring Security进行安全控制

前面一到八已经赏析完springboot的最基础组件功能，作为web项目，而不单单是java项目，不能只停留在IOC和AOP。web项目是可以通过浏览器URL访问的项目。那SpringBoot里是如何支持的能。现在就来说说应用层面的源码和最接近开发者的东西。

org.springframework.web

Spring-web定义了SpringBoot的web的基本框架，请求响应瀑布流。也就是我们只需要写controller就能处理接收来自网络的http请求。进而访问到service和dao层的逻辑。

先赏析web包的基本结构

 从源码中可以看出web包给出了http协议访问的支持。

1.现在看一下对Controller的支持，通过注解的方式对Controller进行支持。

/*
 * Copyright 2002-2017 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.web.bind.annotation;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import org.springframework.core.annotation.AliasFor;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;

/**
 * A convenience annotation that is itself annotated with
 * {@link Controller @Controller} and {@link ResponseBody @ResponseBody}.
 * <p>
 * Types that carry this annotation are treated as controllers where
 * {@link RequestMapping @RequestMapping} methods assume
 * {@link ResponseBody @ResponseBody} semantics by default.
 *
 * <p><b>NOTE:</b> {@code @RestController} is processed if an appropriate
 * {@code HandlerMapping}-{@code HandlerAdapter} pair is configured such as the
 * {@code RequestMappingHandlerMapping}-{@code RequestMappingHandlerAdapter}
 * pair which are the default in the MVC Java config and the MVC namespace.
 *
 * @author Rossen Stoyanchev
 * @author Sam Brannen
 * @since 4.0
 */
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Controller
@ResponseBody
public @interface RestController {

	/**
	 * The value may indicate a suggestion for a logical component name,
	 * to be turned into a Spring bean in case of an autodetected component.
	 * @return the suggested component name, if any (or empty String otherwise)
	 * @since 4.0.1
	 */
	@AliasFor(annotation = Controller.class)
	String value() default "";

}

2.对客户端请求方法的支持

/*
 * Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.web.bind.annotation;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

import org.springframework.core.annotation.AliasFor;

/**
 * Annotation for mapping web requests onto methods in request-handling classes
 * with flexible method signatures.
 *
 * <p>Both Spring MVC and Spring WebFlux support this annotation through a
 * {@code RequestMappingHandlerMapping} and {@code RequestMappingHandlerAdapter}
 * in their respective modules and package structure. For the exact list of
 * supported handler method arguments and return types in each, please use the
 * reference documentation links below:
 * <ul>
 * <li>Spring MVC
 * <a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/web.html#mvc-ann-arguments">Method Arguments</a>
 * and
 * <a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/web.html#mvc-ann-return-types">Return Values</a>
 * </li>
 * <li>Spring WebFlux
 * <a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/web-reactive.html#webflux-ann-arguments">Method Arguments</a>
 * and
 * <a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/web-reactive.html#webflux-ann-return-types">Return Values</a>
 * </li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p><strong>Note:</strong> This annotation can be used both at the class and
 * at the method level. In most cases, at the method level applications will
 * prefer to use one of the HTTP method specific variants
 * {@link GetMapping @GetMapping}, {@link PostMapping @PostMapping},
 * {@link PutMapping @PutMapping}, {@link DeleteMapping @DeleteMapping}, or
 * {@link PatchMapping @PatchMapping}.</p>
 *
 * <p><b>NOTE:</b> When using controller interfaces (e.g. for AOP proxying),
 * make sure to consistently put <i>all</i> your mapping annotations - such as
 * {@code @RequestMapping} and {@code @SessionAttributes} - on
 * the controller <i>interface</i> rather than on the implementation class.
 *
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @author Arjen Poutsma
 * @author Sam Brannen
 * @since 2.5
 * @see GetMapping
 * @see PostMapping
 * @see PutMapping
 * @see DeleteMapping
 * @see PatchMapping
 */
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Mapping
public @interface RequestMapping {

	/**
	 * Assign a name to this mapping.
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * When used on both levels, a combined name is derived by concatenation
	 * with "#" as separator.
	 * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.MvcUriComponentsBuilder
	 * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.HandlerMethodMappingNamingStrategy
	 */
	String name() default "";

	/**
	 * The primary mapping expressed by this annotation.
	 * <p>This is an alias for {@link #path}. For example,
	 * {@code @RequestMapping("/foo")} is equivalent to
	 * {@code @RequestMapping(path="/foo")}.
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * When used at the type level, all method-level mappings inherit
	 * this primary mapping, narrowing it for a specific handler method.
	 * <p><strong>NOTE</strong>: A handler method that is not mapped to any path
	 * explicitly is effectively mapped to an empty path.
	 */
	@AliasFor("path")
	String[] value() default {};

	/**
	 * The path mapping URIs (e.g. {@code "/profile"}).
	 * <p>Ant-style path patterns are also supported (e.g. {@code "/profile/**"}).
	 * At the method level, relative paths (e.g. {@code "edit"}) are supported
	 * within the primary mapping expressed at the type level.
	 * Path mapping URIs may contain placeholders (e.g. <code>"/${profile_path}"</code>).
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * When used at the type level, all method-level mappings inherit
	 * this primary mapping, narrowing it for a specific handler method.
	 * <p><strong>NOTE</strong>: A handler method that is not mapped to any path
	 * explicitly is effectively mapped to an empty path.
	 * @since 4.2
	 */
	@AliasFor("value")
	String[] path() default {};

	/**
	 * The HTTP request methods to map to, narrowing the primary mapping:
	 * GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, TRACE.
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * When used at the type level, all method-level mappings inherit this
	 * HTTP method restriction.
	 */
	RequestMethod[] method() default {};

	/**
	 * The parameters of the mapped request, narrowing the primary mapping.
	 * <p>Same format for any environment: a sequence of "myParam=myValue" style
	 * expressions, with a request only mapped if each such parameter is found
	 * to have the given value. Expressions can be negated by using the "!=" operator,
	 * as in "myParam!=myValue". "myParam" style expressions are also supported,
	 * with such parameters having to be present in the request (allowed to have
	 * any value). Finally, "!myParam" style expressions indicate that the
	 * specified parameter is <i>not</i> supposed to be present in the request.
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * When used at the type level, all method-level mappings inherit this
	 * parameter restriction.
	 */
	String[] params() default {};

	/**
	 * The headers of the mapped request, narrowing the primary mapping.
	 * <p>Same format for any environment: a sequence of "My-Header=myValue" style
	 * expressions, with a request only mapped if each such header is found
	 * to have the given value. Expressions can be negated by using the "!=" operator,
	 * as in "My-Header!=myValue". "My-Header" style expressions are also supported,
	 * with such headers having to be present in the request (allowed to have
	 * any value). Finally, "!My-Header" style expressions indicate that the
	 * specified header is <i>not</i> supposed to be present in the request.
	 * <p>Also supports media type wildcards (*), for headers such as Accept
	 * and Content-Type. For instance,
	 * <pre class="code">
	 * &#064;RequestMapping(value = "/something", headers = "content-type=text/*")
	 * </pre>
	 * will match requests with a Content-Type of "text/html", "text/plain", etc.
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * When used at the type level, all method-level mappings inherit this
	 * header restriction.
	 * @see org.springframework.http.MediaType
	 */
	String[] headers() default {};

	/**
	 * Narrows the primary mapping by media types that can be consumed by the
	 * mapped handler. Consists of one or more media types one of which must
	 * match to the request {@code Content-Type} header. Examples:
	 * <pre class="code">
	 * consumes = "text/plain"
	 * consumes = {"text/plain", "application/*"}
	 * consumes = MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN_VALUE
	 * </pre>
	 * Expressions can be negated by using the "!" operator, as in
	 * "!text/plain", which matches all requests with a {@code Content-Type}
	 * other than "text/plain".
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * If specified at both levels, the method level consumes condition overrides
	 * the type level condition.
	 * @see org.springframework.http.MediaType
	 * @see javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest#getContentType()
	 */
	String[] consumes() default {};

	/**
	 * Narrows the primary mapping by media types that can be produced by the
	 * mapped handler. Consists of one or more media types one of which must
	 * be chosen via content negotiation against the "acceptable" media types
	 * of the request. Typically those are extracted from the {@code "Accept"}
	 * header but may be derived from query parameters, or other. Examples:
	 * <pre class="code">
	 * produces = "text/plain"
	 * produces = {"text/plain", "application/*"}
	 * produces = MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN_VALUE
	 * produces = "text/plain;charset=UTF-8"
	 * </pre>
	 * <p>If a declared media type contains a parameter (e.g. "charset=UTF-8",
	 * "type=feed", "type=entry") and if a compatible media type from the request
	 * has that parameter too, then the parameter values must match. Otherwise
	 * if the media type from the request does not contain the parameter, it is
	 * assumed the client accepts any value.
	 * <p>Expressions can be negated by using the "!" operator, as in "!text/plain",
	 * which matches all requests with a {@code Accept} other than "text/plain".
	 * <p><b>Supported at the type level as well as at the method level!</b>
	 * If specified at both levels, the method level produces condition overrides
	 * the type level condition.
	 * @see org.springframework.http.MediaType
	 */
	String[] produces() default {};

}