ObjC第四节:继承

继      承

1、继承

     1.1 NSObject,根类，OC创建的类都继承自根类，位于类层次结构的顶层，没有父类

     1.2 父类的实例变量和方法都可以被隐式的继承过来成为子类的一部分，子类就可以直接访问这些实例变量和方法

     1.3 alloc和init是继承自NSobject的方法

     1.4 继承的概念呈单链继承即单一继承

     1.5 编译器首先去对象所属类中找寻有没有定义与消息同名的方法，如果有则执行，如果没有则去本类的父类寻找，如果有则执行，如果没有则继续往上寻找，如果一直没有找到，就会发出警告

     1.6 继承中，不能删除或减去继承来的方法，但是可以更改方法的实现，即重写方法，必须与父类的方法原型相同，即有相同的返回值类型和参数，此时，调用正确版本的方法基于消息的接收者来确定

     1.7 父类不可以访问子类扩展的方法

2、id

     2.1 typedef  struct objc_object {

  Class  isa;  //表明对象在哪个类

}* id;

     2.2 id是一个通用的对象类型，可以存储任意类型对象

     2.3 isa用来保存对象所属的类，基于动态绑定实现，方法的选择是在程序运行期间根据isa中保存的receiver所属的类来确定的

     2.4 如果是id类型，编译器不会给出警告，因为运行之前不知道id存储的是什么类型的对象，只有程序运行时才能确定

1、组合、继承

XYPoint.h

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface XYPoint : NSObject

@property int x, y;

- (void) print;

@end

XYPoint.m

#import "XYPoint.h"

@implementation XYPoint

@synthesize x, y;

- (void) print
{
    NSLog(@"圆心(%d, %d)", x, y);
}

@end

Shape.h

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "XYPoint.h"
@interface Shape : NSObject

//{
//    @private   //property自动生成的实例变量是私有的
//    int x;
//}

@property (nonatomic, retain) NSString * color;
//@property (nonatomic) int x, y;
@property (nonatomic, retain) XYPoint * point;

- (id) initWithColor:(NSString *)_color andPoint:(XYPoint *)_point;
- (void) draw;
+ (void)num;   
@end

Shape.m

#import "Shape.h"

@implementation Shape

//@synthesize color, x, y;
@synthesize color, point;

- (id) initWithColor:(NSString *)_color andPoint:(XYPoint *)_point
{
    if (self = [super init])
    {
        color = _color;
        self.point = _point;
    }
    return self;
}
- (void) draw
{
//    NSLog(@"%d, %d", x, y);
}
+ (void)num
{
    NSLog(@"++++");
}
@end

Circle.h

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "Shape.h"

@interface Circle : Shape

@property (nonatomic) int radius;

- (id) initWithColor:(NSString *)_color andPoint:(XYPoint *)_point andRadius:(int)_radius;
- (float) area;
+ (void)num;

@end

Circle.m

#import "Circle.h"

@implementation Circle

@synthesize radius;

- (id) initWithColor:(NSString *)_color andPoint:(XYPoint *)_point andRadius:(int)_radius
{
    if (self = [super initWithColor:(NSString *)_color andPoint:(XYPoint *)_point])
    {
        radius = _radius;
    }
    return self;
}
- (float) area
{
    return 3.14 * radius * radius;
}
- (void) draw
{
    [self.point print];
    NSLog (@"drawing a circle with r = %d in %@", radius, self.color);
}
+ (void)num   //类方法可以继承，可以重写，可以super调用
{
    [super num];
    NSLog(@"------");
}

@end

main.m

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "Circle.h"
int main()
{
    XYPoint * p = [[XYPoint alloc] init];
    p.x = 1;
    p.y = 1;
    Circle * c = [[Circle alloc] init];
    [c initWithColor:@"red" andPoint:p];
    [c draw];
    [c initWithColor:@"blue" andPoint:p andRadius:5];
    [c draw];
    p.x = 3;
    p.y = 3;
    [c initWithColor:@"green" andPoint:p];
    [c draw];
    [Shape num];
    [Circle num];
    
    [c release];
    [p release];
    return 0;
}

2、接第三节练习，子类中初始化父类

SaloonCar.h

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "Car.h"

@interface SaloonCar : Car

@property (nonatomic) int windows;

- (id) initWithSeats:(int)_seats andHeight:(double)_height andWidth:(float)_width andTair:(Tair *)_tair andWindows:(int)_windows;
- (void) print;

@end

SaloonCar.m

#import "SaloonCar.h"

@implementation SaloonCar

@synthesize windows;

- (id) initWithSeats:(int)_seats andHeight:(double)_height andWidth:(float)_width andTair:(Tair *)_tair andWindows:(int)_windows
{
    if (self = [super initWithSeats:_seats andHeight:_height andWidth:_width andTair:_tair])
    {
        windows = _windows;
    }
    return self;
}

- (void) print
{
    [super print];
    NSLog(@"Windows: %d", windows);
}

- (void)dealloc
{
    [super dealloc];
}

@end

mian.m

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "SaloonCar.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
    @autoreleasepool
    {
        Tair * t1 = [[Tair alloc] initWithScrews:1 andRadius:1];
        [t1 print];
        Tair * t2 = [[Tair alloc] init];
        [t2 setScrews:2 andRadius:2];
        [t2 print];
        
        Car * c1 = [[Car alloc] initWithSeats:1 andHeight:2 andWidth:3 andTair:t1];
        [c1 print];
        Car * c2 = [[Car alloc] init];
        [c2 setTair:t2];
        c2.seats = 4;
        c2.height = 5;
        c2.width = 6;
        [c2 print];
        
        SaloonCar * s1 = [[SaloonCar alloc] initWithSeats:1 andHeight:2 andWidth:3 andTair:t1 andWindows:4];
        [s1 print];
        SaloonCar * s2 = [[SaloonCar alloc] init];
        s2.seats = 5;
        s2.height = 6;
        s2.width = 7;
        s2.windows = 8;
        s2.tair = t2;
        [s2 print];
        
        [t1 release];
        [t2 release];
        [c1 release];
        [c2 release];
        [s1 release];
        [s2 release];
    }
    return 0;
}

3、id

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface ClassA : NSObject
{
    int x;
}

- (void) initVar;
- (void) printVar;
@end

@implementation ClassA
- (void) initVar
{
    x = 100;
}
- (void) printVar
{
    NSLog(@"x in A is: %d", x);
}
@end

@interface ClassB : NSObject
{
    int x;
}
- (void) initVar;
- (void) printVar;
@end

@implementation ClassB
- (void) initVar
{
    x = 200;
}
- (void) printVar
{
    NSLog(@"x in B is: %d", x);
}
@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
    @autoreleasepool
    {
        id dataValue;  //id类型的对象，通用指针，泛型
        ClassA * a = [[ClassA alloc] init];
        ClassB * b = [[ClassB alloc] init];
        dataValue = a;  //指针赋值，指向同一堆空间
        [dataValue initVar];  //调用A中的方法
        [dataValue printVar];
        dataValue = b;
        [dataValue initVar];
        [dataValue printVar];
        
        [b release];
        [a release];
    }
    return 0;
}