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最新推荐文章于 2024-03-11 17:27:53 发布

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分类专栏： linux_基础

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/doupengqiang/article/details/76577901

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磁盘管理

存储是每个计算机系统的基本需求，red hat提供了一些使用的工具
fdisk 用于管理磁盘分区
fdisk -l 列出磁盘分区信息
blkid 列出系统中正在使用设备id
df 查看系统中正在使用设备信息
这里写图片描述

1：分区

[root@server11 Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb       #开始分区
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa69fd0a7.
Command (m for help): m                        #获取帮助
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition                     #删除分区
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l   list known partition types             #列出可用的分区类型
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition                    #新建分区
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table               #显示分区
   q   quit without saving changes             #退出不保存
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id          #修改分区功能id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit            #保存更改到分区表中
   x   extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n                        #新建分区
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) #分区类型主分区
   e   extended                                #分区类型为拓展分区
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):            #主分区id 
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):   #分区起始位置
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M                                              #主分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): wq                      #保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@server11 Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor  #blocks  name
 253        0   10485760 vda
 253        1   10484142 vda1
 253       16   10485760 vdb
 253       17     102400 vdb1
[root@server11 Desktop]#

partprobe ##同步分区表

2：文件系统

文件系统比较

ext4 是 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 的标准文件系统。
它非常强大可靠 , 具有多项可以提高现代工作量处理性能的功
能
ext2 是常用于 linux 中的较旧的文件系统。它简单可靠 ,
非常适合小型存储设备 , 但是效率低于 ext4
vfat 支持包括一系列相关文件系统 ( VFAT/FAT16
,FAT32 ), 这些文件系统针对较旧版本的 Microsoft
Windows 开发 , 在大量的系统和设备上受支持
xfs 在 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 的标准文件系统其具
备数据完全、性能稳定、扩展性强 ( 8eb-1byte ) 、传输速率
高 ( 7G/s )
分区示例

[root@server11 Desktop]# mkfs                 #两下tab键可查看有什么文件系统可以选择
mkfs         mkfs.cramfs  mkfs.ext3    mkfs.fat     mkfs.msdos   mkfs.xfs
mkfs.btrfs   mkfs.ext2    mkfs.ext4    mkfs.minix   mkfs.vfat    
[root@server11 Desktop]# mkfs
[root@server11 Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1    #格式化分区
meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=256    agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=853, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@server11 Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt      #临时挂载
[root@server11 Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab            #在里面添加条目永久挂载
编写格式：
###################################################################
#  device    mountpoint    ftype   defaults(mountpoint)   0   0  #
# /dev/vdb1    /mnt        xfs    defaults       0     0         #
# mount -a      ##使/etc/fastab中记录的挂载生效                    #
##################################################################

[root@server11 Desktop]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3809644   6664256  37% /
devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     140    942520   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17028    925632   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1          98988    5280     93708   6% /mnt

3：取消挂载

[root@server11 Desktop]# umount /mnt/
[root@server11 Desktop]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3809640   6664260  37% /
devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     140    942520   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17024    925636   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
[root@server11 Desktop]# mount -a
[root@server11 Desktop]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1       10473900 3809664   6664236  37% /
devtmpfs          927072       0    927072   0% /dev
tmpfs             942660     140    942520   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs             942660   17024    925636   2% /run
tmpfs             942660       0    942660   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1          98988    5280     93708   6% /mnt
[root@server11 Desktop]#

取消永久挂载

[root@server11 Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@server11 Desktop]# umount /mnt/
[root@server11 Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): d                 #删除分区
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@server11 Desktop]# partprobe     #同步分区
[root@server11 Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions 
major minor  #blocks  name
 253        0   10485760 vda
 253        1   10484142 vda1
 253       16   10485760 vdb
[root@server11 Desktop]#

4：修改分区方式

[root@server11 Desktop]# parted /dev/vdb
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/vdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted)                                                                  
align-check  help         mktable      quit         select       unit
disk_set     mklabel      name         rescue       set          version
disk_toggle  mkpart       print        rm           toggle       
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type?                                                      
aix    amiga  bsd    dvh    gpt    loop   mac    msdos  pc98   sun    
New disk label type? gpt
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/vdb will be destroyed and all data on
this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes                                                               
(parted) quit                                                             
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

测试

[root@server11 Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb                                   
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): [root@server11 Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@server11 Desktop]# umount /mnt/
[root@server11 Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +1G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p 
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0003496d
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/vdb1            2048     2099199     1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@server11 Desktop]# partprobe

5：添加swap分区

fdisk /dev/vdb ##添加一个分区

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb 
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n                #新建分区
Partition number (2-128, default 2): 
First sector (34-20971486, default 2099200): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-20971486, default 20971486): +4G
Created partition 2


Command (m for help): p                #显示分区信息

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
tart          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048      2099199      1G  Linux filesyste 
 2      2099200     10487807      4G  Linux filesyste 

Command (m for help): t                         #改变分区类型
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2            #将那个作为swap分区
Partition type (type L to list all types): l    #列出可供选择的分区类型
  1 EFI System                     C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
  2 MBR partition scheme           024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F
  3 BIOS boot partition            21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649
  4 Microsoft reserved             E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
  5 Microsoft basic data           EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
  6 Microsoft LDM metadata         5808C8AA-7E8F-42E0-85D2-E1E90434CFB3
  7 Microsoft LDM data             AF9B60A0-1431-4F62-BC68-3311714A69AD
  8 Windows recovery evironmnet    DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC
  9 IBM General Parallel Fs        37AFFC90-EF7D-4E96-91C3-2D7AE055B174
 10 HP-UX data partition           75894C1E-3AEB-11D3-B7C1-7B03A0000000
 11 HP-UX service partition        E2A1E728-32E3-11D6-A682-7B03A0000000
 12 Linux filesystem               0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
 13 Linux RAID                     A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E
 14 Linux swap                     0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F
 15 Linux LVM                      E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928
 16 Linux reserved                 8DA63339-0007-60C0-C436-083AC8230908
 17 FreeBSD data                   516E7CB4-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 18 FreeBSD boot                   83BD6B9D-7F41-11DC-BE0B-001560B84F0F
 19 FreeBSD swap                   516E7CB5-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 20 FreeBSD UFS                    516E7CB6-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 21 FreeBSD ZFS                    516E7CBA-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 22 FreeBSD Vinum                  516E7CB8-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 23 Apple HFS/HFS+                 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 24 Apple UFS                      55465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 25 Apple RAID                     52414944-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 26 Apple RAID offline             52414944-5F4F-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 27 Apple boot                     426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 28 Apple label                    4C616265-6C00-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 29 Apple TV recovery              5265636F-7665-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 30 Apple Core storage             53746F72-6167-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 31 Solaris boot                   6A82CB45-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 32 Solaris root                   6A85CF4D-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 33 Solaris /usr & Apple ZFS       6A898CC3-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 34 Solaris swap                   6A87C46F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 35 Solaris backup                 6A8B642B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 36 Solaris /var                   6A8EF2E9-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 37 Solaris /home                  6A90BA39-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 38 Solaris alternate sector       6A9283A5-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 39 Solaris reserved 1             6A945A3B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 40 Solaris reserved 2             6A9630D1-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 41 Solaris reserved 3             6A980767-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 42 Solaris reserved 4             6A96237F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 43 Solaris reserved 5             6A8D2AC7-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 44 NetBSD swap                    49F48D32-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 45 NetBSD FFS                     49F48D5A-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 46 NetBSD LFS                     49F48D82-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 47 NetBSD concatenated            2DB519C4-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 48 NetBSD encrypted               2DB519EC-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 49 NetBSD RAID                    49F48DAA-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 50 ChromeOS kernel                FE3A2A5D-4F32-41A7-B725-ACCC3285A309
 51 ChromeOS root fs               3CB8E202-3B7E-47DD-8A3C-7FF2A13CFCEC
 52 ChromeOS reserved              2E0A753D-9E48-43B0-8337-B15192CB1B5E
 53 MidnightBSD data               85D5E45A-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 54 MidnightBSD boot               85D5E45E-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 55 MidnightBSD swap               85D5E45B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 56 MidnightBSD UFS                0394Ef8B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 57 MidnightBSD ZFS                85D5E45D-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 58 MidnightBSD Vinum              85D5E45C-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7

Partition type (type L to list all types): 14    #选择14 linux swap 分区
Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux swap'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048      2099199      1G  Linux filesyste 
 2      2099200     10487807      4G  Linux swap      

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe             ##同步分区表
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb2      ##格式化成swap类型
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4194300 KiB
no label, UUID=b933737a-1409-48b5-8f92-d663d388134b
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb2   #激活swap分区
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s             #显示当前交换区状态
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb2                               partition   4194300 0   -1
[root@localhost ~]#

6:用文件来添加swap

dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1000 ##创建一个1G大小的文件
mkswap /swapfile ##格式化为swap类型
swapon -a /swapfile ##临时添加到swap里
-p + 数字 ##更改优先级
vim /etc/fstab ##永久添加swap分区
类型：
/swapfile swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0 #pri优先级

[root@server11 Desktop]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1000  #创建文件
du -sh /swap1000+0 records in
1000+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 21.5441 s, 48.7 MB/s
[root@server11 Desktop]# du -sh /swapfile
1000M   /swapfile
[root@server11 Desktop]# mkswap /swapfile                #格式化成swap类型
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=abf6e26d-c782-4190-81f6-a603483cad6c
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -a /swapfile             #临时添加
swapon: /swapfile: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -s
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   1048572 172 -1
/swapfile                               file    1023996 0   -2
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapoff /swapfile
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -s
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   1048572 172 -1
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -a /swapfile -p 0     #修改swapfile优先级
swapon: /swapfile: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
Similar command is: 'swapon'
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -s                  ##显示交换区状态
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   1048572 172 -1
/swapfile                               file    1023996 0   0
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -a /swapfile -p 1   #修改失败原因是修改前必须先关闭swapfile
swapon: /swapfile: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
swapon: /swapfile: swapon failed: Device or resource busy

[root@server11 Desktop]# swapoff /swapfile
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapoff /dev/vdb1
[root@server11 Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab
############################################################
#  /swapfile    swap  swap  defaults,pri=1  0 0 #pri优先级 #   在最后一行添加
############################################################  
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -a
swapon: /swapfile: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[root@server11 Desktop]# swapon -s
Filename                Type        Size    Used    Priority
/dev/vdb1                               partition   1048572 0   -1
/swapfile                               file    1023996 0   1
[root@server11 Desktop]#

7:删除swap

vim /etc/fstab ##删除此文件中添加的swap行
swapoff /swapfile ##断开swap文件链接
swapoff /dev/vdb1 ##断开swap磁盘链接
rm -rf /swapfile ##删除文件
fdisk /dev/vdb ##删除磁盘分区
partprobe ##同步分区表