如何在Linux服务器上挂载新硬盘？--创建新分区并挂载使用

Linux的硬盘识别:

一般使用”fdisk -l”命令可以列出系统中当前连接的硬盘

设备和分区信息.新硬盘没有分区信息,则只显示硬盘大小信息.

1.关闭服务器添加上新硬盘

2.启动服务器，以root用户登录

3.查看硬盘信息

[root@server ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0006a9eb

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     1026047      512000   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         1026048    41943039    20458496   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 18.8 GB, 18756927488 bytes, 36634624 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

4.创建新硬盘分区命令参数：

fdisk可以用m命令来看fdisk命令的内部命令；

a：命令指定启动分区；
d：命令删除一个存在的分区；
l：命令显示分区ID号的列表；
m：查看fdisk命令帮助；
n：命令创建一个新分区；
p：命令显示分区列表；
t：命令修改分区的类型ID号；
w：命令是将对分区表的修改存盘让它发生作用

5.进入磁盘，对磁盘进行分区，注意红色部分。

[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xd090c980.

Command (m for help): n //输入n创建一个新分区
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p //输入n为创建主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1//在这里输入1，就进入划分分区阶段了；
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): //注：这个就是分区的Start 值；这里最好直接按回车
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G //注：这个是定义分区大小的，+10G 就是大小为10G；+200M 就是大小为200M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p //输入P查看分区列表

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd090c980

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w //最后输入w回车保存。
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

查看一下：

[root@server ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd090c980

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0006a9eb

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     1026047      512000   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         1026048    41943039    20458496   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 18.8 GB, 18756927488 bytes, 36634624 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

可以看到/dev/sdb1分区。

或者也可以使用lsblk命令查看

[root@server ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   20G  0 disk
├─sda1            8:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0 19.5G  0 part
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0 17.5G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   20G  0 disk
└─sdb1            8:17   0   10G  0 part
sr0              11:0    1    4G  0 rom  /opt/centos7

6.格式化分区

[root@server ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sd //注：将/dev/sdb1格式化为ext3类型
sda   sda1  sda2  sdb   sdb1
[root@server ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 2621440 blocks
131072 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2684354560
80 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

这样就格式化好了，我们就可以用mount 加载这个分区，然后使用这个文件系统。

7.创建/data1目录：

[root@server ~]# mkdir /data1

8.开始挂载分区：

[root@server ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data1/

9.查看硬盘大小以及挂载分区：

[root@server ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   18G  5.0G   13G  29% /
devtmpfs                 907M     0  907M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    917M     0  917M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    917M  8.6M  908M   1% /run
tmpfs                    917M     0  917M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sr0                 4.1G  4.1G     0 100% /opt/centos7
/dev/sda1                497M  125M  373M  25% /boot
tmpfs                    184M     0  184M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1                9.8G   23M  9.2G   1% /data1

10.配置开机自动挂载

因为mount挂载在重启服务器后会失效，所以需要将分区信息写到/etc/fstab文件中让它永久挂载：

[root@server ~]# vim /etc/fstab

添加如下配置内容：

/dev/sdb1(磁盘分区) /data1（挂载目录） ext3（文件格式）defaults 0 0

11.使用mount命令挂载/dev/sdb1到/data1

[root@server ~]# mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=927848k,nr_inodes=231962,mode=755)
securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)
tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_cls)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/mapper/centos-root on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=29,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/sr0 on /opt/centos7 type iso9660 (ro,relatime)
/dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=187664k,mode=700)
/dev/sdb1 on /data1 type ext3 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)

小知识：
卸载挂载：例：umount /data1 或 mount /dev/sdb1
重新挂载/etc/fstab配置文件里面存在的挂载配置：mount -a

12.重启系统（两条命令都是重启，使用其中一条即可）

[root@server ~]# reboot
[root@server ~]# init 6

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原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/l1028386804/article/details/126580123