60. Permutation Sequence

The set [1,2,3,…,n] contains a total of n! unique permutations.

By listing and labeling all of the permutations in order,
We get the following sequence (ie, for n = 3):

1. "123"
2. "132"
3. "213"
4. "231"
5. "312"
6. "321"

Given n and k, return the k^th permutation sequence.

Note: Given n will be between 1 and 9 inclusive.

class Solution {
public:
    string getPermutation(int n, int k) {
        int total = factorial(n);
        string candidate = string("123456789").substr(0,n);
        string res(n,' ');
        
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
            total /= (n-i);
            int tmp = (k-1)/total;
            res[i] = candidate[tmp];
            candidate.erase(tmp,1);
            k-=total*tmp;
        }
        return res;
    }
    
    int factorial(int n){
        int res = 1;
        for(int i = 2; i <= n; i++){
            res*=i;
        }
        return res;
    }
};

求第k个排列，通过C++里面的next_permutation()函数求解，超时，然后通过筛选的方式求解，通过逐个确定每个位置的数字，首先通过通过(k-1)/(n-1)!固定某个数。通过m=(k-1)/(n-1)!，该数就是原数组的第m个数，第一个数固定后，我们从candidate数组中删除该数，那么就相当于在当前src的基础上求第 k - m*(n-1)! 个排列。通过n次逐个确定每个位置的值。