爬虫的第一步需要将网页下载下来,下面介绍下载网页内容的方法。
download函数
import urllib.request ## Python2与Python3的区别
def download(url):
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
return response.read()
url = "http://example.webscraping.com/"
html = download(url)
print(html)
这样运行的结果是直接输出一大堆
我是直接使用Python3自带的IDLE写的程序,输出结果的时候经常卡死,所以可以选择将爬取下来的内容写入文件中,这样速度会快很多。
## 将结果写入到文件的改进版本,适用于英文网站
import urllib.request
def download(url):
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
return response.read().decode("utf-8")
url = "http://example.webscraping.com/"
html = download(url)
html = str(html)
## 将一大堆乱七八糟的代码转换为比较美观的格式
html = html.replace("\xa0", " ")
html = html.replace("\xa9", " ")
html.encode("gbk")
file_name = 'f:/Python/用Python写网络爬虫/练习/crawling_file.txt'
file_open = open(file_name, "a")
file_open.write(html)
file_open.close()
这样执行之后会出现一个crawling_file.txt文件
捕获异常
当下载网页时可能会出现一些无法控制的错误,下面给出一个更加健硕的版本。
import urllib.request
def download(url):
try:
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
html = response.read().decode("utf-8")
except urllib.request.URLError as e:
print("Download error:", e.reason) ## 输出错误原因
html = None
return html
url = "http://httpstat.us/500"
html = download(url)
html = str(html)
html = html.replace("\xa0", " ")
html = html.replace("\xa9", " ")
html.encode("gbk")
file_name = 'f:/Python/用Python写网络爬虫/练习/crawling_try.txt'
file_open = open(file_name, "w+")
file_open.write(html)
file_open.close()
程序中url执行的结果是
此时,可以尝试以下方式解决。
重试下载
不是所有的错误都适合重试下载,4 xx 错误发生在请求存在问题时,
而5xx 错误则发生在服务端存在问题时。所以, 我们只需要确保download函数在发生Sxx 错误时重试下载即可。
import urllib.request
def download(url, num_retries = 2):
try:
req = urllib.request.Request(url)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
html = response.read().decode("utf-8")
except urllib.request.URLError as e:
print("Download error:", e.reason)
html = None
if num_retries > 0:
if hasattr(e, 'code') and 500 <= e.code < 600:
return download(url, num_retries-1) ## 递归调用
return html
url = "http://httpstat.us/500"
html = download(url)
html = str(html) ## 写入文件必须要求是str类型
## 保证不是乱码切格式是美观的
html = html.replace("\xa0", " ")
html = html.replace("\xa9", " ")
html.encode("gbk")
## 文件的标准写法
file_name = 'f:/Python/用Python写网络爬虫/练习/crawling_try_again.txt' ## 在这里只写入文件一次,因为重试下载是发生在有问题的时候,一旦恢复正常就不会再重试下载
file_open = open(file_name, "a")
file_open.write(html)
file_open.close()