全面深入介绍C语言字符串函数

有人说，C语言就是提供了函数/结构体/指针，可是语言库确实相当重要， 特别是字符串库。


1 函数头文件
怎么用就不用介绍了，帮你回忆一下：


extern char * strcpy(char *,const char *);


//__kernel_size_t：最多复制__kernel_size_t个字节
extern char * strncpy(char *,const char *, __kernel_size_t);


//与strncpy略有不同
size_t strlcpy(char *, const char *, size_t);

extern char * strcat(char *, const char *);


//最多追加__kernel_size_t个字符到src
extern char * strncat(char *, const char *, __kernel_size_t);

extern size_t strlcat(char *, const char *, __kernel_size_t);

extern int strcmp(const char *,const char *);

extern int strncmp(const char *,const char *,__kernel_size_t);


//不管大小写的比较
extern int strnicmp(const char *, const char *, __kernel_size_t);

extern char * strchr(const char *,int);

extern char * strnchr(const char *, size_t, int);


//最后一次出现int的地址
extern char * strrchr(const char *,int);

extern char * strstr(const char *,const char *);

extern __kernel_size_t strlen(const char *);


//获得最长不超过__kernel_size_t长度的字符串的长度
extern __kernel_size_t strnlen(const char *,__kernel_size_t);

//在源字符串(source-string）中找出最先含有搜索字符串（searching-string)中的任一字符的位置并返回，若找不到则返回空指针
extern char * strpbrk(const char *,const char *);


//返回传入的char **, char **指向传入的字符串中被const char *分隔开的下部分字符串
extern char * strsep(char **,const char *);


//传回str1最初的部份的长度，这个部份是完全地由str2中的字符所构成的
extern __kernel_size_t strspn(const char *,const char *);


//传回str1最初的部份的长度，这个部份没有str2中的任何字符

extern __kernel_size_t strcspn(const char *,const char *);

extern void * memset(void *,int,__kernel_size_t);

extern void * memcpy(void *,const void *,__kernel_size_t);


//如果源和目的参数有重叠, memmove() 提供有保证的行为。而 memcpy() 则不能提供这样的保证, 因此可以实现得更加有效率。如果有疑问, 最好使用 memmove()。memmove可以把自己的一部分拷贝给自己的另一部分。其他函数不行
extern void * memmove(void *,const void *,__kernel_size_t);


//在长度为__kernel_size_t的内存中查找int
extern void * memscan(void *,int,__kernel_size_t);

extern int memcmp(const void *,const void *,__kernel_size_t);

extern void * memchr(const void *,int,__kernel_size_t);


//申请内存，复制s到该内存
extern char *kstrdup(const char *s, gfp_t gfp);



2 函数实现源代码



/*

* linux/lib/string.c

*

* Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds

*/



/*

* stupid library routines.. The optimized versions should generally be found

* as inline code in <asm-xx/string.h>

*

* These are buggy as well..

*

* * Fri Jun 25 1999, Ingo Oeser <ioe@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de>

* - Added strsep() which will replace strtok() soon (because strsep() is

* reentrant and should be faster). Use only strsep() in new code, please.

*

* * Sat Feb 09 2002, Jason Thomas <jason@topic.com.au>,

* Matthew Hawkins <matt@mh.dropbear.id.au>

* - Kissed strtok() goodbye

*/



#include <linux/types.h>

#include <linux/string.h>

#include <linux/ctype.h>

#include <linux/module.h>



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRNICMP

/**

* strnicmp - Case insensitive, length-limited string comparison

* @s1: One string

* @s2: The other string

* @len: the maximum number of characters to compare

*/

int strnicmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t len)

{

/* Yes, Virginia, it had better be unsigned */

unsigned char c1, c2;



c1 = c2 = 0;

if (len) {

do {

c1 = *s1;

c2 = *s2;

s1++;

s2++;

if (!c1)

break;

if (!c2)

break;

if (c1 == c2)

continue;

c1 = tolower(c1);

c2 = tolower(c2);

if (c1 != c2)

break;

} while (--len);

}

return (int)c1 - (int)c2;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strnicmp);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRCPY

/**

* strcpy - Copy a %NUL terminated string

* @dest: Where to copy the string to

* @src: Where to copy the string from

*/

#undef strcpy

char *strcpy(char *dest, const char *src)

{

char *tmp = dest;



while ((*dest++ = *src++) != '/0')

/* nothing */;

return tmp;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strcpy);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRNCPY

/**

* strncpy - Copy a length-limited, %NUL-terminated string

* @dest: Where to copy the string to

* @src: Where to copy the string from

* @count: The maximum number of bytes to copy

*

* The result is not %NUL-terminated if the source exceeds

* @count bytes.

*

* In the case where the length of @src is less than that of

* count, the remainder of @dest will be padded with %NUL.

*

*/

char *strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t count)

{

char *tmp = dest;



while (count) {

if ((*tmp = *src) != 0)

src++;

tmp++;

count--;

}

return dest;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strncpy);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRLCPY

/**

* strlcpy - Copy a %NUL terminated string into a sized buffer

* @dest: Where to copy the string to

* @src: Where to copy the string from

* @size: size of destination buffer

*

* Compatible with *BSD: the result is always a valid

* NUL-terminated string that fits in the buffer (unless,

* of course, the buffer size is zero). It does not pad

* out the result like strncpy() does.

*/

size_t strlcpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t size)

{

size_t ret = strlen(src);



if (size) {

size_t len = (ret >= size) ? size - 1 : ret;

memcpy(dest, src, len);

dest[len] = '/0';

}

return ret;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strlcpy);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRCAT

/**

* strcat - Append one %NUL-terminated string to another

* @dest: The string to be appended to

* @src: The string to append to it

*/

#undef strcat

char *strcat(char *dest, const char *src)

{

char *tmp = dest;



while (*dest)

dest++;

while ((*dest++ = *src++) != '/0')

;

return tmp;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strcat);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRNCAT

/**

* strncat - Append a length-limited, %NUL-terminated string to another

* @dest: The string to be appended to

* @src: The string to append to it

* @count: The maximum numbers of bytes to copy

*

* Note that in contrast to strncpy, strncat ensures the result is

* terminated.

*/

char *strncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t count)

{

char *tmp = dest;



if (count) {

while (*dest)

dest++;

while ((*dest++ = *src++) != 0) {

if (--count == 0) {

*dest = '/0';

break;

}

}

}

return tmp;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strncat);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRLCAT

/**

* strlcat - Append a length-limited, %NUL-terminated string to another

* @dest: The string to be appended to

* @src: The string to append to it

* @count: The size of the destination buffer.

*/

size_t strlcat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t count)

{

size_t dsize = strlen(dest);

size_t len = strlen(src);

size_t res = dsize + len;



/* This would be a bug */

BUG_ON(dsize >= count);



dest += dsize;

count -= dsize;

if (len >= count)

len = count-1;

memcpy(dest, src, len);

dest[len] = 0;

return res;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strlcat);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRCMP

/**

* strcmp - Compare two strings

* @cs: One string

* @ct: Another string

*/

#undef strcmp

int strcmp(const char *cs, const char *ct)

{

signed char __res;



while (1) {

if ((__res = *cs - *ct++) != 0 || !*cs++)

break;

}

return __res;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strcmp);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRNCMP

/**

* strncmp - Compare two length-limited strings

* @cs: One string

* @ct: Another string

* @count: The maximum number of bytes to compare

*/

int strncmp(const char *cs, const char *ct, size_t count)

{

signed char __res = 0;



while (count) {

if ((__res = *cs - *ct++) != 0 || !*cs++)

break;

count--;

}

return __res;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strncmp);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRCHR

/**

* strchr - Find the first occurrence of a character in a string

* @s: The string to be searched

* @c: The character to search for

*/

char *strchr(const char *s, int c)

{

for (; *s != (char)c; ++s)

if (*s == '/0')

return NULL;

return (char *)s;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strchr);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRRCHR

/**

* strrchr - Find the last occurrence of a character in a string

* @s: The string to be searched

* @c: The character to search for

*/

char *strrchr(const char *s, int c)

{

const char *p = s + strlen(s);

do {

if (*p == (char)c)

return (char *)p;

} while (--p >= s);

return NULL;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strrchr);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRNCHR

/**

* strnchr - Find a character in a length limited string

* @s: The string to be searched

* @count: The number of characters to be searched

* @c: The character to search for

*/

char *strnchr(const char *s, size_t count, int c)

{

for (; count-- && *s != '/0'; ++s)

if (*s == (char)c)

return (char *)s;

return NULL;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strnchr);

#endif



/**

* strstrip - Removes leading and trailing whitespace from @s.

* @s: The string to be stripped.

*

* Note that the first trailing whitespace is replaced with a %NUL-terminator

* in the given string @s. Returns a pointer to the first non-whitespace

* character in @s.

*/

char *strstrip(char *s)

{

size_t size;

char *end;



size = strlen(s);



if (!size)

return s;



end = s + size - 1;

while (end != s && isspace(*end))

end--;

*(end + 1) = '/0';



while (*s && isspace(*s))

s++;



return s;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strstrip);



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRLEN

/**

* strlen - Find the length of a string

* @s: The string to be sized

*/

size_t strlen(const char *s)

{

const char *sc;



for (sc = s; *sc != '/0'; ++sc)

/* nothing */;

return sc - s;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strlen);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRNLEN

/**

* strnlen - Find the length of a length-limited string

* @s: The string to be sized

* @count: The maximum number of bytes to search

*/

size_t strnlen(const char *s, size_t count)

{

const char *sc;



for (sc = s; count-- && *sc != '/0'; ++sc)

/* nothing */;

return sc - s;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strnlen);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRSPN

/**

* strspn - Calculate the length of the initial substring of @s which only

* contain letters in @accept

* @s: The string to be searched

* @accept: The string to search for

*/

size_t strspn(const char *s, const char *accept)

{

const char *p;

const char *a;

size_t count = 0;



for (p = s; *p != '/0'; ++p) {

for (a = accept; *a != '/0'; ++a) {

if (*p == *a)

break;

}

if (*a == '/0')

return count;

++count;

}

return count;

}



EXPORT_SYMBOL(strspn);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRCSPN

/**

* strcspn - Calculate the length of the initial substring of @s which does

* not contain letters in @reject

* @s: The string to be searched

* @reject: The string to avoid

*/

size_t strcspn(const char *s, const char *reject)

{

const char *p;

const char *r;

size_t count = 0;



for (p = s; *p != '/0'; ++p) {

for (r = reject; *r != '/0'; ++r) {

if (*p == *r)

return count;

}

++count;

}

return count;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strcspn);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRPBRK

/**

* strpbrk - Find the first occurrence of a set of characters

* @cs: The string to be searched

* @ct: The characters to search for

*/

char *strpbrk(const char *cs, const char *ct)

{

const char *sc1, *sc2;



for (sc1 = cs; *sc1 != '/0'; ++sc1) {

for (sc2 = ct; *sc2 != '/0'; ++sc2) {

if (*sc1 == *sc2)

return (char *)sc1;

}

}

return NULL;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strpbrk);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRSEP

/**

* strsep - Split a string into tokens

* @s: The string to be searched

* @ct: The characters to search for

*

* strsep() updates @s to point after the token, ready for the next call.

*

* It returns empty tokens, too, behaving exactly like the libc function

* of that name. In fact, it was stolen from glibc2 and de-fancy-fied.

* Same semantics, slimmer shape. ;)

*/

char *strsep(char **s, const char *ct)

{

char *sbegin = *s;

char *end;



if (sbegin == NULL)

return NULL;



end = strpbrk(sbegin, ct);

if (end)

*end++ = '/0';

*s = end;

return sbegin;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strsep);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_MEMSET

/**

* memset - Fill a region of memory with the given value

* @s: Pointer to the start of the area.

* @c: The byte to fill the area with

* @count: The size of the area.

*

* Do not use memset() to access IO space, use memset_io() instead.

*/

void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t count)

{

char *xs = s;



while (count--)

*xs++ = c;

return s;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(memset);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_MEMCPY

/**

* memcpy - Copy one area of memory to another

* @dest: Where to copy to

* @src: Where to copy from

* @count: The size of the area.

*

* You should not use this function to access IO space, use memcpy_toio()

* or memcpy_fromio() instead.

*/

void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count)

{

char *tmp = dest;

const char *s = src;



while (count--)

*tmp++ = *s++;

return dest;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(memcpy);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_MEMMOVE

/**

* memmove - Copy one area of memory to another

* @dest: Where to copy to

* @src: Where to copy from

* @count: The size of the area.

*

* Unlike memcpy(), memmove() copes with overlapping areas.

*/

void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count)

{

char *tmp;

const char *s;



if (dest <= src) {

tmp = dest;

s = src;

while (count--)

*tmp++ = *s++;

} else {

tmp = dest;

tmp += count;

s = src;

s += count;

while (count--)

*--tmp = *--s;

}

return dest;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(memmove);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_MEMCMP

/**

* memcmp - Compare two areas of memory

* @cs: One area of memory

* @ct: Another area of memory

* @count: The size of the area.

*/

#undef memcmp

int memcmp(const void *cs, const void *ct, size_t count)

{

const unsigned char *su1, *su2;

int res = 0;



for (su1 = cs, su2 = ct; 0 < count; ++su1, ++su2, count--)

if ((res = *su1 - *su2) != 0)

break;

return res;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(memcmp);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_MEMSCAN

/**

* memscan - Find a character in an area of memory.

* @addr: The memory area

* @c: The byte to search for

* @size: The size of the area.

*

* returns the address of the first occurrence of @c, or 1 byte past

* the area if @c is not found

*/

void *memscan(void *addr, int c, size_t size)

{

unsigned char *p = addr;



while (size) {

if (*p == c)

return (void *)p;

p++;

size--;

}

return (void *)p;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(memscan);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_STRSTR

/**

* strstr - Find the first substring in a %NUL terminated string

* @s1: The string to be searched

* @s2: The string to search for

*/

char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2)

{

int l1, l2;



l2 = strlen(s2);

if (!l2)

return (char *)s1;

l1 = strlen(s1);

while (l1 >= l2) {

l1--;

if (!memcmp(s1, s2, l2))

return (char *)s1;

s1++;

}

return NULL;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strstr);

#endif



#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_MEMCHR

/**

* memchr - Find a character in an area of memory.

* @s: The memory area

* @c: The byte to search for

* @n: The size of the area.

*

* returns the address of the first occurrence of @c, or %NULL

* if @c is not found

*/

void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n)

{

const unsigned char *p = s;

while (n-- != 0) {

if ((unsigned char)c == *p++) {

return (void *)(p - 1);

}

}

return NULL;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(memchr);

#endif





#include <linux/slab.h>

#include <linux/string.h>

#include <linux/module.h>

#include <linux/err.h>

#include <asm/uaccess.h>



/**

* __kzalloc - allocate memory. The memory is set to zero.

* @size: how many bytes of memory are required.

* @flags: the type of memory to allocate.

*/

void *__kzalloc(size_t size, gfp_t flags)

{

void *ret = ____kmalloc(size, flags);

if (ret)

memset(ret, 0, size);

return ret;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(__kzalloc);



/*

* kstrdup - allocate space for and copy an existing string

*

* @s: the string to duplicate

* @gfp: the GFP mask used in the kmalloc() call when allocating memory

*/

char *kstrdup(const char *s, gfp_t gfp)

{

size_t len;

char *buf;



if (!s)

return NULL;



len = strlen(s) + 1;

buf = ____kmalloc(len, gfp);

if (buf)

memcpy(buf, s, len);

return buf;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(kstrdup);



/*

* strndup_user - duplicate an existing string from user space

*

* @s: The string to duplicate

* @n: Maximum number of bytes to copy, including the trailing NUL.

*/

char *strndup_user(const char __user *s, long n)

{

char *p;

long length;



length = strnlen_user(s, n);



if (!length)

return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);



if (length > n)

return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);



p = kmalloc(length, GFP_KERNEL);



if (!p)

return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);



if (copy_from_user(p, s, length)) {

kfree(p);

return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);

}



p[length - 1] = '/0';



return p;

}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(strndup_user);





3 后记

Windows上的实现与平台相关性稍大，不好理解，虽然也很好用。

Linux下的string.c实现在/linuxxx.xx.xx/lib

String.h在/linuxxx.xx.xx/include/linux

汇编实现在/linuxxx.xx.xx/include/asm



是不是觉得string.c写的也不是那么完美，也许你能写出更好的。但是在你看源代码之前，你能写出这样的效率和简洁的实现么？

为什么没有参数检查？也许这是为高手实现的，高手是不会出现参数错误，呵呵，这当然是玩笑。可能是出于效率考虑吧，参数传入前自己检查好了。