JPA + SpringData 操作数据库原来可以这么简单 ---- 深入了解 JPA - 3

经过了前两篇的详细介绍，终于迎来了 JPA 的终结篇，LZ认为如果仅仅了解了 JPA 的话，大家可能感觉与 Hibernate 几乎差不多，没有什么亮点，但是等大家了解了 SpringData 后，JPA 与 SpringData 相结合，便会发挥出它巨大的优势，极大的简化了我们操作数据库的步骤，使我们的代码具有很强的可维护性，LZ随后的博客也将继续介绍。

六、JPA 的二级缓存

1. 大家对一级缓存比较熟悉，即若查询一条同样的记录，因为一级缓存的存在只发送一条 SQL 语句。那么 JPA 的二级缓存又体现在哪呢？LZ给大家解释为：查询一条同样的记录，在第一次查询后关闭 EntityManager、提交事务后，再重新获取 EntityManager 并开启事务再查询同样的记录，因为有二级缓存的存在也会只发送一条记录。如下：

 1 　　 //测试 JPA 的二级缓存
 2     @Test
 3     public void testSecondLevelCache() {
 4         Customer customer1 = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
 5         
 6         transaction.commit();
 7         entityManager.close();
 8         
 9         entityManager = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
10         transaction = entityManager.getTransaction();
11         transaction.begin();
12         
13         Customer customer2 = entityManager.find(Customer.class, 1);
14     }

大家可以看到，4 行和 13 行的查询语句一样，6 行，7 行 提交了事务关闭了 EntityManager。若不进行二级缓存的配置，这样的操作会发送两次一模一样的 SQL 语句，结果就不贴上了，大家可以试一试。若配置了二级缓存，同样的操作便只会发送一条 SQL ,这样可以减小服务器的压力，减少访问数据库的次数。那么如何来配置二级缓存呢？

2. 如何配置二级缓存：

1）persistence.xml 文件中配置二级缓存相关

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0"
    xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
    <persistence-unit name="jpa-1" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
        <!-- 配置使用什么 ORM 产品来作为 JPA 的实现 1. 实际上配置的是 javax.persistence.spi.PersistenceProvider 
            接口的实现类 2. 若 JPA 项目中只有一个 JPA 的实现产品，则可以不配置该节点 -->
        <provider>org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence</provider>

        <!-- 添加持久化类 -->
        <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Customer</class>
        <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Order</class>

        <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Manager</class>
        <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Department</class>

        <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Category</class>
        <class>com.software.jpa.helloworld.Item</class>

        <!-- 配置二级缓存的策略 
                ALL：所有的实体类都被缓存
                NONE：所有的实体类都不被缓存. 
                ENABLE_SELECTIVE：标识 @Cacheable(true) 注解的实体类将被缓存 
                DISABLE_SELECTIVE：缓存除标识 @Cacheable(false) 以外的所有实体类
                UNSPECIFIED：默认值，JPA 产品默认值将被使用 -->
        <shared-cache-mode>ENABLE_SELECTIVE</shared-cache-mode>

        <properties>
            <!-- 连接数据库的基本信息 -->
            <!-- 在 Connection 选项中配置后会自动生成如下信息 -->
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" />
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpa" />
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root" />
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="qiqingqing" />

            <!-- 配置 JPA 实现产品的基本属性，即配置 Hibernate 的基本属性 -->
            <property name="hibernate.format_sql" value="true" />
            <property name="hibernate.show_sql" value="true" />
            <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update" />

            <!-- 二级缓存相关 -->
            <property name="hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache"
                value="true" />
            <property name="hibernate.cache.region.factory_class"
                value="org.hibernate.cache.ehcache.EhCacheRegionFactory" />
            <property name="hibernate.cache.use_query_cache" value="true" />
        </properties>
    </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

2）导入 ehcache 的 jar 包和配置文件 ehcache.xml 

jar 包：

配置文件：对二级缓存参数的配置

<ehcache>

    <!-- Sets the path to the directory where cache .data files are created.

         If the path is a Java System Property it is replaced by
         its value in the running VM.

         The following properties are translated:
         user.home - User's home directory
         user.dir - User's current working directory
         java.io.tmpdir - Default temp file path -->
    <diskStore path="java.io.tmpdir"/>


    <!--Default Cache configuration. These will applied to caches programmatically created through
        the CacheManager.

        The following attributes are required for defaultCache:

        maxInMemory       - Sets the maximum number of objects that will be created in memory
        eternal           - Sets whether elements are eternal. If eternal,  timeouts are ignored and the element
                            is never expired.
        timeToIdleSeconds - Sets the time to idle for an element before it expires. Is only used
                            if the element is not eternal. Idle time is now - last accessed time
        timeToLiveSeconds - Sets the time to live for an element before it expires. Is only used
                            if the element is not eternal. TTL is now - creation time
        overflowToDisk    - Sets whether elements can overflow to disk when the in-memory cache
                            has reached the maxInMemory limit.

        -->
    <defaultCache
        maxElementsInMemory="10000"
        eternal="false"
        timeToIdleSeconds="120"
        timeToLiveSeconds="120"
        overflowToDisk="true"
        />

    <!--Predefined caches.  Add your cache configuration settings here.
        If you do not have a configuration for your cache a WARNING will be issued when the
        CacheManager starts

        The following attributes are required for defaultCache:

        name              - Sets the name of the cache. This is used to identify the cache. It must be unique.
        maxInMemory       - Sets the maximum number of objects that will be created in memory
        eternal           - Sets whether elements are eternal. If eternal,  timeouts are ignored and the element
                            is never expired.
        timeToIdleSeconds - Sets the time to idle for an element before it expires. Is only used
                            if the element is not eternal. Idle time is now - last accessed time
        timeToLiveSeconds - Sets the time to live for an element before it expires. Is only used
                            if the element is not eternal. TTL is now - creation time
        overflowToDisk    - Sets whether elements can overflow to disk when the in-memory cache
                            has reached the maxInMemory limit.

        -->

    <!-- Sample cache named sampleCache1
        This cache contains a maximum in memory of 10000 elements, and will expire
        an element if it is idle for more than 5 minutes and lives for more than
        10 minutes.

        If there are more than 10000 elements it will overflow to the
        disk cache, which in this configuration will go to wherever java.io.tmp is
        defined on your system. On a standard Linux system this will be /tmp"
        -->
    <cache name="sampleCache1"
        maxElementsInMemory="10000"
        eternal="false"
        timeToIdleSeconds="300"
        timeToLiveSeconds="600"
        overflowToDisk="true"
        />

    <!-- Sample cache named sampleCache2
        This cache contains 1000 elements. Elements will always be held in memory.
        They are not expired. -->
    <cache name="sampleCache2"
        maxElementsInMemory="1000"
        eternal="true"
        timeToIdleSeconds="0"
        timeToLiveSeconds="0"
        overflowToDisk="false"
        /> -->

    <!-- Place configuration for your caches following -->

</ehcache>

3）给需要缓存的类添加 @Cacheable(true) 注解，有前面的代码可知，楼主获取的是 Customer 对象

二级缓存就给大家介绍到这里。

七、JPQL

1.什么是 JPQL:JPQL语言，即 Java Persistence Query Language 的简称。

2.然后来看一个 JPQL 的 Helloworld：

 1 　　 //JPQL 的 HelloWorld
 2     @Test
 3     public void testHelloJPQL() {
 4         String jpql = "FROM Customer c WHERE c.age > ?";
 5         Query query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql);
 6         
 7         //占位符的索引是从 1 开始
 8         query.setParameter(1, 21);
 9         
10         List<Customer> lists = query.getResultList();
11         System.out.println(lists.size());
12         
13     }

乍一看，大家可能感觉 JPQL 像极了 Hibernate 的 HQL 查询，没错，这两种查询的相似度极高。需要注意的是，使用 Query 的 setParameter() 的方法填占位符是，索引是从 1

开始的。【本文由“程序员小李子”发布，2017年10月24日】