sh(bsh)

1. Initialize
/etc/profile
.profile

2. Prompt
PS1($): the primary prompt
PS2(>): the secondary prompt

PS1=”uname -n >”
PS2=”—–>”

3. variable

# local variable
name="Tom"

# global variable
export ORACLE_SID=ora11g

# read a line of input
read name

4. arguments

echo $1 $2 $3
echo $*
echo $#        # the number of arguments

5. array

set apples pears plums
echo $1 $2 $3

6. variable expansion modifier
1) if variable is set and non-null, substitute its value. otherwise, substitute word
${variable:-word}

# Assigning temporary default values
fruit=peach
echo ${fruit:-plum}        # peach
echo ${newfruit:-plum} # plum 

2) if variable is set and non-null, substitute word. otherwise, substitute nothing.
${variable:+word}

# Assigning temporary alternate values
fruit=peach
echo ${fruit:+plum}        # plum
echo ${newfruit:+plum} # null

3) if variable is set or non-null, substitute its value. otherwise set it to word. positional parameters may not be assigned in this way.
${variable:=word}

# Assigning permanent default values
echo ${EDITOR}         # null
echo ${EDITOR:=/bin/vi}    # /bin/vi
echo ${EDITOR}         # /bin/vi

DATAFILE=
: ${DATAFILE:=$HOME/db/datafile}    # : a "do-nothing" command
echo $DATAFILE                 # /home4/eli/db/datafile
: ${DATAFILE:=$HOME/junk}
echo $DATAFILE                 # /home4/eli/db/datafile

4) if variable is set and non-null, substitute its value. otherwise print word and exit.
${variable:?word}      # sh: namex: namex is undefined

# Creating error messages based on default values
echo ${namex:?"namex is undefined"}    # sh: y: 0403-040 Parameter null or not set.

7. postional parameters

$0     # the name of shell script
$1~$9  # denote positional parameters 1 though 9
$#     # the number of parameters
$*     # evaluate to all the positional parameters
$@		# same as $*
"$*"		# "$1 $2 $3"
"$@"		# "$1" "$2" "$3"

# To assign value to the positional parameters
set p1 p2 p3

# To unset all of the positional parameters
set - -

# for instance
set 'apple pie' pears peaches

for i in $*
for i in $@
for i in "$*"
for i in "$@"

apple
pie
pears
peaches
--------------------------------
apple
pie
pears
peaches
--------------------------------
apple pie pears peaches
--------------------------------
apple pie
pears
peaches

# $@ & $*
$@和$*效果一致
"$@" 原样保存参数列表，也就是"$1""$2"...
"$*" 以$IFS指定的分割符保存参数列表, "$1 $2 $3 ..."

pos_para.sh 1 "2 3" 4
#!/bin/bash
ifs=$IFS
IFS="{"

echo '$#: ' $#             # 3

echo '$@: ' $@             # 1 2 3 4
echo '$*: ' $*             # 1 2 3 4

echo '"$@": ' "$@"         # 1 2 3 4
echo '"$*": ' "$*"         # 1{2 3{4

IFS=$ifs

8. special variables
$$        # PID of the shell
$-     # shell options, set
$?     # exit value of the last command
$!     # PID of the last running blackground process
$_     # the last postional argument

9. exec

exec date           # replace the current program with a new one without starting a new process

exec < filea        # open filea for reading stdin
exec > filez        # open filez for writing stdout
exec > /dev/tty # recover stdout to the terminal

exec 3< datfile # open datfile as file descriptor 3 for reading input
sort <&3            # sort datfile
exec 3<&-           # close fd 3

exec 4> newfile # open newfile as fd 4 for writing output
ls >&4          # ls > newfile
exec 4>&-           # close fd 4

exec 5<&4           # make fd 5 as a copy of fd 4

10. test

-z string       # Length of string is zero
-n string       # Length of string is nonzero
-s filename # File is nonzero size

-g filename # Set-group-ID is set
-k filename # Sticky bit is set
-u filename # Set-user-ID is set

# Checking for null values
[ "$name" = "" ]
[ ! "$name" ]
[ -z "$name" ]

[ "x$name" != "x" ]

11. getopts

while getopts xy options 2>/dev/null
do
    case $options in
    x) echo "enter x";;
        y) echo "enter y";;
        z) echo "enter z";;
    \?) usage;exit 1;;
    ease
done

## with argument
while getopts xy:z: options
do
    case $options in
    x) echo "enter x";;
    y) echo "enter y"; echo $OPTARG;;
    z) echo "enter z"; echo $OPTARG;;
    \?) usage; exit 1;;
    esac
done

12. set

-f  Disable globbing
-n  Reads commands but not execute them
-x  Print commands and their arguments as they are being executed.

echo $-    # himBH
set -f
echo *  # *
echo ?? # ??
echo $-    # fhimBH

13. control statement
if [ expression ]
while [ expression ]
until [ expression ]
for variable in word1 word2

14. hash: a command controls the internal hash table used by the shell to improve efficiency in searching for command
hash # list hash table
hash vi # add vi to hash table
hash -r # remove all from hash table