RHEL133 :2.System Initialization and Services

    2.1 Boot Sequence Overview
        BIOS->MBR(bootloader)->Kernel->init
    2.2 BIOS Initialization
       
    2.3 Boot Loader
        Install within a drive's Master Boot Record
        Install within a partition's boot sector
        Boot Loader载入MBR(446bytes) on device->GRUB->select linux or windows
    2.4 GRUB and grub.conf
        2.4.1 GRUB-the GRand Unified Bootloder
            Command-line interface available at boot prompt
            Boot from ext2/ext3,ReiserFS,JFS,FAT,minix,or FFS filesystems
        2.4.2 /boot/grub/grub.conf grub配置文件
        2.4.3 Changes on grub.conf will go into effect immediately
        2.4.4 If MBR on /dev/had is corrupted,reinstall the first stage bootloader

with:/sbin/grub-install/dev/hda
    2.5 Starting the Boot Process:GRUB
       
    2.6 Kernel Initialization
        Kernel boot time functions
            Device detection
            Device driver initializtion
            Mounts root filesystem as read only
            Loads initial process(init)
    2.7 init Initialization
        init reads its config:/etc/inittab
            initial run level
            system initialization scripts
            run level specific script directories
            trap certain key sequences
            define UPS power fail/restore scripts
            generate gettys on virtual consoles
            initialize X in run level5
    2.8 Run levels
        Run Level 1: init->/etc/rc.sysinit->/etc/rc1.d/*
        Run Level S: init->/etc/rc.sysinit
        Run Level emergency:init->some/etc/rc.sysinit
        Please see  /etc/inittab for all run level description
        the default in /etc/inittab
    2.9 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
        Important tasks include:
            Active udev(USB) and selinux
            Set kernel parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf
            Sets the system clock
            Loads keymaps
            Enables swap partitions
            Sets hostname
            Root filesystem check and remount
            Active RAID and LVM devices
            Enable disk quotas
            Check and mount other filesystem
            Cleans up stale locks and PID files
    2.10 /etc/rc.d/rc
        /etc/rc.d/rc 3 执行/etc/rc.d/rc3.d
    2.11 Daemon Processes
        所有以.d结尾的名称都是Daemon，后台执行。
        A daemon process is a program that is run in the background,providing somesystem

service
        Two types of daemons:
            Standalone:user ask for some service->Standalone provide service by self
                Enable from init
                System V Daemon:example httpd
            Transient: user ask for some service->Xinetd->Transient provide
    2.12 System V Script
        Run level defines which services to start
            Each run level has a corresponding directory
            The System V init scripts reside in:
                /etc/rc.d/init.d
            Symbolic links int the run level directories call the init.d scripts with a

start or stop argument
    2.13 /etc/rc.d/rc.local
        Run after the run level specific scripts
    2.14 Virtual consoles
        Defind in /etc/inittab
        Accessed with Ctrl-Alt-F_key
    2.15 Controlling Services
        Utilities to control default service startup
            ntsysv:a console-base interactive utility
            chkconfig: a fast,versatile command line utility
        Utilities to control services manually
            service:immediately start or stop a standalone service
            chkconfig:immediately starts and stops xinetd-managed services
           
    2.16 System Shutdown
        Shutting down the system
            shutdown -h now :shutdown -h 22:00
            halt
            poweroff
            init 0

    2.17 System Reboot
        Rebooting the system
            shutdown -r now
            reboot
            init 6