您如何将超过4,000个活动的Stack Overflow标签分组为有意义的组? 对于无监督学习和k均值聚类来说,这是一项完美的任务-现在您可以在BigQuery中完成所有这些工作。 让我们找出方法。
4,000+ tags are a lot
These are the most active Stack Overflow tags since 2018 — they’re a lot. In this picture I only have 240 tags — how would you group and categorize 4,000+ of them?# Tags with >180 questions since 2018
SELECT tag, COUNT(*) questions
FROM `fh-bigquery.stackoverflow_archive.201906_posts_questions`,
UNNEST(SPLIT(tags, '|')) tag
WHERE creation_date > '2018-01-01'
GROUP BY 1
HAVING questions>180
ORDER BY 2 DESC
提示:共现标签
Let’s find tags that usually go together:- 'javascript'与'html'相关。
- 'python'与'pandas'相关。
- 'c#'与'.net'相关。
- “打字稿”与“ angular”有关。
- 等…
CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`
AS
WITH data AS (
SELECT *
FROM `fh-bigquery.stackoverflow_archive.201906_posts_questions`
WHERE creation_date > '2018-01-01'
), active_tags AS (
SELECT tag, COUNT(*) c
FROM data, UNNEST(SPLIT(tags, '|')) tag
GROUP BY 1
HAVING c>180
)
SELECT *, questions/questions_tag1 percent
FROM (
SELECT *, MAX(questions) OVER(PARTITION BY tag1) questions_tag1
FROM (
SELECT tag1, tag2, COUNT(*) questions
FROM data, UNNEST(SPLIT(tags, '|')) tag1, UNNEST(SPLIT(tags, '|')) tag2
WHERE tag1 IN (SELECT tag FROM active_tags)
AND tag2 IN (SELECT tag FROM active_tags)
GROUP BY 1,2
HAVING questions>30
)
)
One-hot encoding
Now get ready for some SQL magic. BigQuery ML does a good job of hot-encoding strings, but it doesn’t handle arrays as I wish it did (stay tuned). So I’m going to create a string first that will define all the columns where I want to find co-occurrence. Then I can use that string to get a huge table, with a 1 for every time a tag co-occurs with the main one at least certain % of time. Let’s see first a subset of these results: What you see here is a co-occurrence matrix:- 'javascript'显示与'php','html','css','node.js'和'jquery'的关系。
- 'android'显示与'java'的关系
- “机器学习”显示了与“ python”的关系,但并非相反。
- “多线程”显示了与“ python”,“ java”的关系 ','c#'和'android`
- “单元测试”与此处几乎所有列的关系,除了与“ php”,“ html”,“ css”和“ jquery”有关。 / li>
SELECT tag1
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='javascript',1,null)),0) Xjavascript
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='python',1,null)),0 ) Xpython
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='java',1,null)),0) Xjava
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='c#',1,null)),0) XcH
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='android',1,null)),0) Xandroid
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='php',1,null)),0) Xphp
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='html',1,null)),0) Xhtml
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='css',1,null)),0) Xcss
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='node.js',1,null)),0) XnodeDjs
,IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='jquery',1,null)),0) Xjquery
,SUM(questions) questions_tag1
FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`
WHERE percent>0.03
GROUP BY tag1
ORDER BY questions_tag1 DESC
LIMIT 100
K-means clustering time
Now — instead of using this small table, let’s use the whole table to compute k-means with BigQuery. With this line, I’m creating a one-hot encoding string that I can use later to define the 4,000+ columns I’ll use for k-means:one_hot_big = client.query("""
SELECT STRING_AGG(
FORMAT("IFNULL(ANY_VALUE(IF(tag2='%s',1,null)),0)X%s", tag2, REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(tag2,'-','_'),'.','D'),'#','H'),'+','P'))
) one_hot
FROM (
SELECT tag2, SUM(questions) questions
FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`
GROUP BY tag2
# ORDER BY questions DESC
# LIMIT 10
)
""").to_dataframe().iloc[0]['one_hot']
And training a k-means model in BigQuery is really easy: CREATE MODEL `deleting.kmeans_tagsubtag_50_big_a_01`
OPTIONS (
model_type='kmeans',
distance_type='COSINE',
num_clusters=50 )
AS
WITH tag_and_subtags AS (
SELECT tag1, %s
FROM `deleting.stack_overflow_tag_co_ocurrence`
WHERE percent>0.03
GROUP BY tag1
)
SELECT * EXCEPT(tag1)
FROM tag_and_subtags
Now we wait — while BigQuery shows us the progress of our training: And when it’s done, we even get an evaluation of our model:Davies–Bouldin index: 1.8530
Mean squared distance: 0.8174
Performance note
Do we really need 4,000 one-hot encoded dimensions to obtain better clusters? Turns out that 500 are enough — and I like the results better. It also reduces the time for training the model in BigQuery from 24 minutes to 3. The same with only 30 dimensions lowers the time to 90 seconds — but I like the results better with 500. More on hyper-parameter tuning below.Mean squared distance: 0.52332
Get ready for the results: The 50 clusters are…
Now it’s time to see our results. I’ll even look out for some tags I’m interested in: How aregoogle
, amazon
, and azure
represented in each cluster? These are the 50 groups that k-means clustering found — given the 1-hot encoding of related tags we did earlier in this post. Some results make a lot of sense — while others give great insight into what are the prevalent surrounding technologies to any Stack Overflow tag. Naming each centroid is always a challenge. Here I used the top 5 centroid weight vectors — see how below. centroid 45: amazon-web-services, aws-lambda, amazon-s3, amazon-ec2, python
—–
amazon-web-services, amazon-s3, aws-lambda, amazon-ec2, amazon-dynamodb, terraform, aws-sdk, amazon-cloudformation, amazon-redshift, aws-api-gateway, amazon-cognito, boto3, cloud, alexa, amazon-rds, amazon-elastic-beanstalk, amazon-ecs, alexa-skills-kit, amazon-cloudfront, serverless, aws-cli, amazon-iam, amazon-cloudwatch, elastic-beanstalk, amazon-sqs, serverless-framework, amazon-athena, aws-amplify, aws-appsync, amazon-sns, alexa-skill, amazon-route53, amazon, amazon-kinesis, amazon-sagemaker, autoscaling, amazon-elb, amazon-ses, aws-cognito, aws-iot, terraform-provider-aws, api-gateway, amazon-vpc, aws-serverless, aws-codepipeline, aws-codebuild, amazon-rds-aurora, bitnami, amazon-lex, aws-step-functions, aws-code-deploy, aws-iam, aws-fargate, dynamodb-queries, boto
amazon: amazon-cognito, amazon-ses, amazon-redshift, aws-lambda, amazon-ecs, amazon-s3, amazon-web-services, amazon-athena, aws-api-gateway, amazon-rds, amazon, amazon-cloudfront, amazon-lex, aws-iot, amazon-elb, aws-code-deploy, amazon-cloudwatch, aws-cli
centroid 17: android, java, android-layout, android-recyclerview, kotlin
—–
android, json, xml, kotlin, android-studio, android-recyclerview, android-layout, android-fragments, xslt, serialization, android-intent, retrofit2, android-activity, android-room, nullpointerexception, retrofit, gson, android-volley, textview, android-viewpager, xml-parsing, recycler-adapter, android-edittext, android-sqlite, protocol-buffers, xsd, deserialization, android-constraintlayout, android-asynctask, fragment, android-architecture-components, android-livedata, imageview, scrollview, android-databinding, android-glide, android-animation, xquery, xslt-1.0, android-jetpack, android-manifest, navigation-drawer, adapter, bottomnavigationview, xslt-2.0, android-toolbar, onclicklistener, android-tablayout, android-cardview, android-spinner, android-adapter, picasso, android-linearlayout, transformation, android-drawable, android-architecture-navigation, android-imageview, android-custom-view, json-deserialization, android-view, android-actionbar, searchview, biztalk, android-coordinatorlayout, android-lifecycle, android-softkeyboard, floating-action-button, recyclerview-layout, swipe, android-relativelayout, android-xml, android-collapsingtoolbarlayout, android-button, android-scrollview, saxon, android-nestedscrollview, android-styles, xml-namespaces, xsl-fo, android-fragmentactivity, android-dialogfragment, android-viewholder, xml-serialization
centroid 7: android, java, javascript, ios, python
—–
android-gradle, bluetooth, rx-java2, build.gradle, dependencies, rx-java, google-play, sdk, android-ndk, corda, video-streaming, android-emulator, libgdx, android-webview, apk, location, java-native-interface, google-play-services, dagger-2, adb, codenameone, android-8.0-oreo, google-places-api, android-notifications, android-studio-3.0, broadcastreceiver, speech-recognition, arcore, sharedpreferences, streaming, gps, android-service, version, coordinates, androidx, native, sms, here-api, android-camera, android-permissions, uri, android-mediaplayer, locale, vert.x, exoplayer, google-maps-markers, settings, alarmmanager, spinner, proguard, okhttp3, text-to-speech, okhttp, updates, android-camera2, android-source, whatsapp, nfc, share, inputstream, google-fabric, xmpp, calculator, manifest, wifi, mpandroidchart, android-9.0-pie, rx-android, call, android-workmanager, mp4, hls, video-processing, release, barcode, android-support-library, alertdialog, android-viewmodel, dji-sdk, barcode-scanner, filepath, sip, google-cloud-messaging, gradle-plugin, android-arrayadapter, screen, payment, toolbar, google-play-console, dagger, mp3, indexoutofboundsexception, ejabberd, httpurlconnection, libraries, android-proguard, coroutine, h.264, simpledateformat, jacoco, background-process, rtsp, offline, root, sensor, splash-screen, android-bluetooth, android-testing, android-resources, android-tv, emulation, android-bitmap, android-listview, multipart, chromecast, android-broadcastreceiver, video-capture, google-maps-android-api-2, pojo, android-canvas, visibility, broadcast, google-play-games, dao, kotlin-android-extensions, avd, lint, android-jobscheduler, android-library, kotlinx.coroutines, firebase-mlkit, expandablelistview, obfuscation, android-contentprovider, appcelerator, mvp, live-streaming, in-app-billing, android-context, audio-streaming, arabic, android-alertdialog, kotlin-coroutines, zxing, android-videoview, fingerprint, braintree, audio-recording, deprecated, job-scheduling, android-wifi, wear-os, bottom-sheet, android-things, device, marker, right-to-left, google-login, mobile-application, media-player, countdowntimer, opengl-es-2.0, nullable, face-detection, exoplayer2.x, android-8.1-oreo, beacon, drawable, gradlew, mapbox-android, classnotfoundexception, parcelable, android-keystore, voice-recognition, toast, aar, google-places, android-theme, android-progressbar, paging, accelerometer, playback, gradle-kotlin-dsl, samsung-mobile, photo, ibeacon, android-appcompat, noclassdeffounderror, branch.io, rtmp, sceneform, foreground-service, google-cast, appcelerator-titanium, android-widget, logcat, android-pendingintent, android-fileprovider, android-gps, sha1, jodatime, android-sensors, android-appbarlayout, surfaceview, mpeg-dash, android-mvvm
google: google-maps-android-api-2, google-play-services, google-fabric, google-places, google-places-api, google-play-console, google-cast, google-login, google-maps-markers, google-play-games, google-play, google-cloud-messaging
centroid 28: angular, typescript, javascript, angular6, angular5
—–
angular, typescript, angular6, angular5, rxjs, angular-material, angular7, service, observable, routing, angular-cli, components, angular-reactive-forms, karma-jasmine, primeng, ag-gri