C++primer第五版 书店程序之读入销售记录，生成每本书的销售报告，显示售出册数、总销售额和平均售价

在C++primer第五版的1.6节中，示例了一个书店程序。要求是从一个文件中读取销售记录，生成每本书的销售报告，显示售出册数、总销售额和平均售价，假定每个ISBN书号的所有销售记录在文件中是聚在一起保存的。也就是说，输入销售记录时，要求同一个书号的销售记录要连续一次性全部输入。

编程思路和前一篇“统计在输入中每个值连续出现的次数”的思路差不多。这里就不再累述，直接附上书上的代码

//假定每个ISBN书号的所有销售记录在文件中是聚在一起保存的
//在main函数中，我们定义了一个名为total的变量，用来保存一个给定的ISBN数据之和
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Sales_item.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	Sales_item total;  //保存下一条交易记录的变量
	if(cin >> total)  //读入第一条交易记录，并确保有数据可以处理
	{
		Sales_item trans;  //保存和的变量
		while(cin >> trans)  //读入并处理剩余交易变量
		{
			if(total.isbn()==trans.isbn())  //如果我们仍在处理相同的书
				total += trans;  //更新总销售额
			else  //如果处理下一本书
			{
				cout << total << endl;  //打印前一本书的结果
				total = trans;  //total表示下一本书的销售额
			}
		}
		cout << total << endl;  //打印最后一本书的结果
	}
	else 
	{
		cerr << "No data?" << endl;  //警告读者，没有输入
		return -1;  //表示失败
	}
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

需要说明的是，该代码包含了头文件Sales_item.h，该头文件在http://www.informit.com/title/0321714113第一章中，可以下载，需要将它拷贝到你自己的工作目录中，程序才能正常运行。里面对 >>,<<,>,==,+等符号进行了重载，重载这个知识点在后续会专门讲，此处不懂没关系，仿照着.cpp文件中的使用方式使用就OK了。

效果如下：

类似于 ‘001 3 34’ 的数据为输入数据，分别表示ISBN号、销售册数和售价。

类似于 ‘001     7       278     39.7143’ 的数据是处理后的销售报告打印结果，分别表示ISBN号、销售总册数、总销售额和平均售价。当输入的ISBN号不同时，打印前一ISBN号的销售报告。

细心思考一下会发现，这个编程思路并不适合实际情况，如果没有提前将同一ISBN号的书的销售记录放在一起或者输入时漏掉了某几个销售记录，之后想输入补上，那这个程序就满足不了要求了。而且，该程序是及时打印每一ISBN号的书的销售报告，如果我们想将所有销售记录输入完成后再打印所有的销售报告，这也是无法实现的。

因此，我适当修改了一下程序，希望能将所有销售记录输入完成，以‘q q q’作为结束符，再统一打印所有的销售记录。代码如下：

// primer_1_5_2.cpp : Defines the entry point for the application.
// 读取多条销售记录并生成每本书的销售报告，显示售出册数，总销售额和平均售价。
// Sales_item类的输入为（3个参数）：ISBN号，销售册数，售价；输出为（4个参数）：ISBN号，销售册数，总销售额和平均售价。
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Sales_item.h"
using namespace std;

const int Max=50; //设置销售记录条数最大值

int main()
{
	Sales_item item[Max]; //创建一个数组存放不同书的销售报告
	Sales_item temp; //用来保存销售记录的变量
	cout << "enter the sale record: ('q q q' to quit)" << endl; 
	cout << "#1 ";
	int j=1; //计数变量，每增加一种书，j加1，相同书只用一个j
	if(cin >> temp)  //读入第一本书的销售记录
	{
		item[0]=temp; //放入数组的第一个元素中
		cout << "#2 "; //提示输入语句
		int m=3; //提示输入的变量
		while(cin >> temp)  //依次读入剩下的书的销售记录
		{
			if(temp.isbn()=="q q q")  //如果输入‘q q q’
				break;  //则退出while循环，转到后面的打印销售报告语句
			for(int k=0;k<j;k++) //遍历数组里的已有元素
			{
				if(temp.isbn()==item[k].isbn()) //判断读入的新书是否是已有记录的书，如果是
				{
					item[k] += temp; //则将这两本书和在一起
					break;
				}
				else //如果不是
				{
					if(k==j-1) //则在遍历完所有的已有书后
					{
						item[j]=temp; //新添一本	
						j++; //数组中所含元素加1
						break;
					}
				}
			}
			cout << "#" << m << " "; //提示输入语句
			m++;
		}
	}
	cout << "j=" << j << endl;
	cout << "the sale record: " << endl; //打印统计结果
	cout << "ISBN\t" << "units\t" << "revenue\t" << "average price\t" << endl;
	for(int i=0;i<j;i++) //遍历数组中所有元素
		cout << item[i] << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

效果如下：

可以看到，不需要将同一ISBN号的书的销售记录放在一起输入，不在输入过程中进行打印，而是最后打印全部内容。

特别提示，这里设置的要输入3个q来作为结束符是因为Sales_item类需要输入三个参数，只输入一个非法字符是不会导致输入结束的，因为它还会等待你输入后面两个参数。

另外，为了打印时对齐美观，我不仅在.cpp文件的打印语句中加了\t（一个制表符），还修改了Sales_item.h中的打印语句，见下面几行代码。

operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Sales_item& s)
{
    out << s.isbn() << "\t" << s.units_sold << "\t"
        << s.revenue << "\t" << s.avg_price();
    return out;
}

最后，为了减少麻烦，我把Sales_item.h文件附上（去掉了一行要报错的代码以及在打印语句处添加了\t后的文件）

/*
 * This file contains code from "C++ Primer, Fifth Edition", by Stanley B.
 * Lippman, Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo, and is covered under the
 * copyright and warranty notices given in that book:
 * 
 * "Copyright (c) 2013 by Objectwrite, Inc., Josee Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo."
 * 
 * 
 * "The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book,
 * but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no
 * responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for
 * incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the
 * use of the information or programs contained herein."
 * 
 * Permission is granted for this code to be used for educational purposes in
 * association with the book, given proper citation if and when posted or
 * reproduced.Any commercial use of this code requires the explicit written
 * permission of the publisher, Addison-Wesley Professional, a division of
 * Pearson Education, Inc. Send your request for permission, stating clearly
 * what code you would like to use, and in what specific way, to the following
 * address: 
 * 
 *     Pearson Education, Inc.
 *     Rights and Permissions Department
 *     One Lake Street
 *     Upper Saddle River, NJ  07458
 *     Fax: (201) 236-3290
*/ 

/* This file defines the Sales_item class used in chapter 1.
 * The code used in this file will be explained in 
 * Chapter 7 (Classes) and Chapter 14 (Overloaded Operators)
 * Readers shouldn't try to understand the code in this file
 * until they have read those chapters.
*/

#ifndef SALESITEM_H
// we're here only if SALESITEM_H has not yet been defined 
#define SALESITEM_H

//#include "Version_test.h" 

// Definition of Sales_item class and related functions goes here
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Sales_item {
// these declarations are explained section 7.2.1, p. 270 
// and in chapter 14, pages 557, 558, 561
friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream&, Sales_item&);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool operator<(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
friend bool 
operator==(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);
public:
    // constructors are explained in section 7.1.4, pages 262 - 265
    // default constructor needed to initialize members of built-in type
#if defined(IN_CLASS_INITS) && defined(DEFAULT_FCNS)
    Sales_item() = default;
#else
    Sales_item(): units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
#endif
    Sales_item(const std::string &book):
              bookNo(book), units_sold(0), revenue(0.0) { }
    Sales_item(std::istream &is) { is >> *this; }
public:
    // operations on Sales_item objects
    // member binary operator: left-hand operand bound to implicit this pointer
    Sales_item& operator+=(const Sales_item&);
    
    // operations on Sales_item objects
    std::string isbn() const { return bookNo; }
    double avg_price() const;
// private members as before
private:
    std::string bookNo;      // implicitly initialized to the empty string
#ifdef IN_CLASS_INITS
    unsigned units_sold = 0; // explicitly initialized
    double revenue = 0.0;
#else
    unsigned units_sold;  
    double revenue;       
#endif
};

// used in chapter 10
inline
bool compareIsbn(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs) 
{ return lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn(); }

// nonmember binary operator: must declare a parameter for each operand
Sales_item operator+(const Sales_item&, const Sales_item&);

inline bool 
operator==(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    // must be made a friend of Sales_item
    return lhs.units_sold == rhs.units_sold &&
           lhs.revenue == rhs.revenue &&
           lhs.isbn() == rhs.isbn();
}

inline bool 
operator!=(const Sales_item &lhs, const Sales_item &rhs)
{
    return !(lhs == rhs); // != defined in terms of operator==
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item& Sales_item::operator+=(const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    units_sold += rhs.units_sold; 
    revenue += rhs.revenue; 
    return *this;
}

// assumes that both objects refer to the same ISBN
Sales_item 
operator+(const Sales_item& lhs, const Sales_item& rhs) 
{
    Sales_item ret(lhs);  // copy (|lhs|) into a local object that we'll return
    ret += rhs;           // add in the contents of (|rhs|) 
    return ret;           // return (|ret|) by value
}

std::istream& 
operator>>(std::istream& in, Sales_item& s)
{
    double price;
    in >> s.bookNo >> s.units_sold >> price;
    // check that the inputs succeeded
    if (in)
        s.revenue = s.units_sold * price;
    else 
        s = Sales_item();  // input failed: reset object to default state
    return in;
}

std::ostream& 
operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Sales_item& s)
{
    out << s.isbn() << "\t" << s.units_sold << "\t"
        << s.revenue << "\t" << s.avg_price();
    return out;
}

double Sales_item::avg_price() const
{
    if (units_sold) 
        return revenue/units_sold; 
    else 
        return 0;
}
#endif