STL是一些容器(list、vector、map等)的集合,也是算法和一些组件的集合。
定义一个list
#include <string>
#include <list>
int main (void)
{
list<string> Milkshakes;
return 0;
}
使用list函数的push_back(插入到对象尾部)和push_front(插入到对象头部)插入一个元素到list中
#include <string>
#include <list>
int main (void)
{
list<string> Milkshakes;
Milkshakes.push_back("Chocolate");
Milkshakes.push_back("Strawberry");
Milkshakes.push_front("Lime");
Milkshakes.push_front("Vanilla");
return 0;
}
list的成员函数empty() :是否为空
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string>
#include <list>
int main (void)
{
#define OK 0
#define INFO 1
#define WARNING 2
int return_code;
list<string> InfoMessages;
list<string> WarningMessages;
// during a program these messages are loaded at various points
InfoMessages.push_back("Info: Program started");
// do work...
WarningMessages.push_back("Warning: No Customer records have been found");
// do work...
return_code = OK;
if (!InfoMessages.empty()) { // there were info messages
InfoMessages.push_front("Informational Messages:");
// ... print the info messages list, we'll see how later
return_code = INFO;
}
if (!WarningMessages.empty()) { // there were warning messages
WarningMessages.push_front("Warning Messages:");
// ... print the warning messages list, we'll see how later
return_code = WARNING;
}
// If there were no messages say so.
if (InfoMessages.empty() && WarningMessages.empty()) {
cout << "There were no messages " << endl;
}
return return_code;
}
用for循环来处理list中的元素
/*
|| How to print the contents of a simple STL list. Whew!
*/
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string>
#include <list>
int main (void)
{
list<string> Milkshakes;
list<string>::iterator MilkshakeIterator;
Milkshakes.push_back("Chocolate");
Milkshakes.push_back("Strawberry");
Milkshakes.push_front("Lime");
Milkshakes.push_front("Vanilla");
// print the milkshakes
Milkshakes.push_front("The Milkshake Menu");
Milkshakes.push_back("*** Thats the end ***");
for (MilkshakeIterator=Milkshakes.begin();
MilkshakeIterator!=Milkshakes.end();
++MilkshakeIterator)
{
// dereference the iterator to get the element
cout << *MilkshakeIterator << endl;
}
}
用STL的通用算法for_each来处理list中的元素
使用STL list和 iterator,我们要初始化、比较和给iterator增量来遍历这个容器。STL通用的for_each 算法能够减轻我们的工作。
/*
|| How to print a simple STL list MkII
*/
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string>
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
PrintIt (string& StringToPrint) {
cout << StringToPrint << endl;
}
int main (void) {
list<string> FruitAndVegetables;
FruitAndVegetables.push_back("carrot");
FruitAndVegetables.push_back("pumpkin");
FruitAndVegetables.push_back("potato");
FruitAndVegetables.push_front("apple");
FruitAndVegetables.push_front("pineapple");
for_each (FruitAndVegetables.begin(), FruitAndVegetables.end(), PrintIt);
}
在这个程序中我们使用STL的通用算法for_each()来遍历一个iterator的范围,然后调用PrintIt()来处理每个对象。我们不需要初始化、比较和给iterator增量。for_each()为我们漂亮的完成了这些工作。我们执行于对象上的操作被很好的打包在这个函数以外了,我们不用再做那样的循环了,我们的代码更加清晰了。
for_each算法引用了iterator范围的概念,这是一个由起始iterator和一个末尾iterator指出的范围。起始iterator指出操作由哪里开始,末尾iterator指明到哪结束,但是它不包括在这个范围内。
用STL的通用算法count()来统计list中的元素个数。
STL的通用算法count()和count_it()用来给容器中的对象记数。就象for_each()一样,count()和count_if() 算法也是在iterator范围内来做的。
/*
|| How to count objects in an STL list
*/
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
#
int main (void)
{
list<int> Scores;
#
Scores.push_back(100); Scores.push_back(80);
Scores.push_back(45); Scores.push_back(75);
Scores.push_back(99); Scores.push_back(100);
#
int NumberOf100Scores(0);
count (Scores.begin(), Scores.end(), 100, NumberOf100Scores);
#
cout << "There were " << NumberOf100Scores << " scores of 100" << endl;
}
count()算法统计等于某个值的对象的个数。上面的例子它检查list中的每个整型对象是不是100。每次容器中的对象等于100,它就给NumberOf100Scores加1。这是程序的输出:
There were 2 scores of 100
用STL的通用算法count_if()来统计list中的元素个数
count_if() 是 count() 的一个更有趣的版本。count_if()带一个函数对象的参数。函数对象是一个至少带有一个operator()方法的类。有些STL算法作为参数接收函数对象并调用这个函数对象的operator()方法。
/*
|| Using a function object to help count things
*/
#include <string>
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
const string ToothbrushCode("0003");
class IsAToothbrush
{
public:
bool operator() ( string& SalesRecord )
{
return SalesRecord.substr(0,4)==ToothbrushCode;
}
};
int main (void)
{
list<string> SalesRecords;
SalesRecords.push_back("0001 Soap");
SalesRecords.push_back("0002 Shampoo");
SalesRecords.push_back("0003 Toothbrush");
SalesRecords.push_back("0004 Toothpaste");
SalesRecords.push_back("0003 Toothbrush");
int NumberOfToothbrushes(0);
count_if (SalesRecords.begin(), SalesRecords.end(),
IsAToothbrush(), NumberOfToothbrushes);
cout << "There were "
<< NumberOfToothbrushes
<< " toothbrushes sold" << endl;
}
这是这个程序的输出:
There were 2 toothbrushes sold
这个程序是这样工作的:定义一个函数对象类IsAToothbrush,这个类的对象能判断出卖出的是否是牙刷。如果这个记录是卖出牙刷的记录的话,函数调用operator()返回一个true,否则返回false。
count_if()算法由第一和第二两个iterator参数指出的范围来处理容器对象。它将对每个 IsAToothbrush()返回true的容器中的对象增加NumberOfToothbrushes的值。
最后的结果是NumberOfToothbrushes这个变量保存了产品代码域为"0003"的记录的个数,也就是牙刷的个数。
注意 count_if() 的第三个参数 IsAToothbrush() ,它是由它的构造函数临时构造的一个对象。你可以把 IsAToothbrush 类的一个临时对象 传递给 count_if() 函数。 count_if() 将对该容器的每个对象调用这个函数。使用count_if()的一个更加复杂的函数对象。
我们可以更进一步的研究一下函数对象。假设我们需要传递更多的信息给一个函数对象。我们不能通过调用operator来作到这点,因为必须定义为一个list的中的对象的类型。然而我们通过为IsAToothbrush指出一个非缺省的构造函数就可以用任何我们所需要的信息来初始化它了。例如,我们可能需要每个牙刷有一个不定的代码。我们可以把这个信息加到下面的函数对象中:
/*
|| Using a more complex function object
*/
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string>
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
class IsAToothbrush
{
public:
IsAToothbrush(string& InToothbrushCode) :
ToothbrushCode(InToothbrushCode) {}
bool operator() (string& SalesRecord)
{
return SalesRecord.substr(0,4)==ToothbrushCode;
}
private:
string ToothbrushCode;
};
int main (void)
{
list<string> SalesRecords;
SalesRecords.push_back("0001 Soap");
SalesRecords.push_back("0002 Shampoo");
SalesRecords.push_back("0003 Toothbrush");
SalesRecords.push_back("0004 Toothpaste");
SalesRecords.push_back("0003 Toothbrush");
string VariableToothbrushCode("0003");
int NumberOfToothbrushes(0);
count_if (SalesRecords.begin(), SalesRecords.end(),
IsAToothbrush(VariableToothbrushCode),
NumberOfToothbrushes);
cout << "There were "
<< NumberOfToothbrushes
<< " toothbrushes matching code "
<< VariableToothbrushCode
<< " sold"
<< endl;
}
程序的输出是:
There were 2 toothbrushes matching code 0003 sold
这个例子演示了如何向函数对象传递信息。你可以定义任意你想要的构造函数,你可以再函数对象中做任何你想做的处理,都可以合法编译通过。