Apache与Tomcat的区别:
Apache是一个web服务器环境程序,可以作为web服务器使用。不过只支持静态网页,如(asp,php,cgi,jsp)等动态网页的就显得无能为力。
如果想让服务器也能处理动态页面,那么就需要Tomcat。
当处理静态页面时,Tomcat不如Apache迅速。Tomcat不象Apache一样可配置
Tomcat不象Apache一样强壮。
基于以上原因,一个现实的网站使用一个Apache作为Web服务器,为网站的静态页面请求提供服务;并使用Tomcat服务器作为一个Servlet/JSP插件,显示网站的动态页面。
Apache,Tomcat负载均衡和集群:
对请求的处理又有两种不同的方式:负载平衡、状态复制(即集群).
负载平衡:每台服务器都是独立的,只是对请求的负载进行平衡,而不对状态(SESSION)进行复制。
状态复制(集群):先进行负载平衡,再在各服务器间复制应用状态。
Apache+Tomcat构建企业级应用
1.Apache主要用来解析静态文本,如html,tomcat也有此功能,但apache能大大提高效率,对于并发数较大的企业级应用,能更好的显示Apache的高效率;
2.Tomcat 用来解析jsp,servlet等,所有的客户请求首先会发送到apache,如果请求是静态文本则由apache解析,并把结果返回给 客户端,如果是动态的请求,如jsp,apache会把解析工作交给tomcat,由tomcat进行解析(这首先要两者现实整合),tomcat解析完 成后,结果仍是通过apache返回给客户端,这样就可以达到分工合作,实现负载均衡,提高系统的性能!
为了实现这个原理我们就需要解决两个问题:
- 如何实现多应用服务器间的session共享:(一台服务器崩溃,另外一台服务器可以继续支持)
- 如何分发请求到各个应用服务器实现压力分解:(这里的解决方案是用Apache做 web服务器)
Apache与Tomcat负载集群的3种方法
- jk、jk_proxy、http_proxy
本次集成使用的软件版本:
- httpd-2.4.23-x86-r3.zip
- apache-tomcat-6.0.48-windows-x64.zip
- jdk 1.7.0_79
- tomcat-connectors-1.2.40-windows-i386-httpd-2.4.x.zip
安装步骤:
- 安装jdk
- 安装Apache2.4.23.
- 解压tomcat、并命名:tomcat1、tomcat2
- 拷贝mod_jk.so到Apache安装路径的modules文件夹下
配置步骤:
修改Apache配置:
关于修改涉及到的文件httpd.conf和workers.properties文件可以下载一份mod_jk的源码包参看
- 修改Apache配置文件httpd.conf, 在最后一行末尾添加:
include “D:\Apache_Group\Apache24\conf\mod_jk.conf” - 在httpd.conf 同目录下新建mod_jk.conf文件
- 内容如下:
#加载mod_jk Module
LoadModule jk_module modules/mod_jk.so
#指定 workers.properties文件路径
JkWorkersFile conf/workers.properties
#指定那些请求交给tomcat处理,"controller"为在workers.propertise里指定的负载分配控制器
JkMount /*.jsp controller
- 在httpd.conf同目录下新建 workers.properties文件
这里可以配置任意多个Tomcat,此处配置了2个Tomat服务器.
host和port根据自己实际配置.实例配置的是本机两个tomcat,分别使用不同的端口.避免冲突
如果Tomcat不再同一机器上,没必要改端口的。
worker.list = controller,tomcat1,tomcat2 #server 列表
#========tomcat1========
worker.tomcat1.port=8009 #ajp13 端口号,在tomcat下server.xml配置,默认8009
worker.tomcat1.host=localhost #tomcat的主机地址,如不为本机,请填写ip地址
worker.tomcat1.type=ajp13 #定向包协议
worker.tomcat1.lbfactor = 1 #server的加权比重,值越高,分得的请求越多
worker.tomcat1.redirect = tomcat2
#========tomcat2========
worker.tomcat2.port=18009 #ajp13 端口号,在tomcat下server.xml配置,默认8009
worker.tomcat2.host=localhost #tomcat的主机地址,如不为本机,请填写ip地址
worker.tomcat2.type=ajp13 #定向包协议
worker.tomcat2.lbfactor = 1 #server的加权比重,值越高,分得的请求越多
worker.tomcat2.redirect = tomcat1
#========controller,负载均衡控制器========
worker.controller.type=lb
worker.controller.balanced_workers=tomcat1,tomcat2 #指定分担请求的tomcat
worker.controller.sticky_session=false
#worker.controller.sticky_session=1
修改 Apache httpd.conf 和 httpd-ahssl.conf
修改Apache配置文件httpd.conf, 在最后一行末尾添加:
include “D:\Apache_Group\Apache24\conf\mod_jk.conf”修改httpd.conf SRVROOT与httpd−ahssl.conf {SRVROOT}替换成Apache 根目录
修改Tomcat1 server.xml 配置
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<Server port="8005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener" SSLEngine="on" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JasperListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.ServerLifecycleListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
<GlobalNamingResources>
<Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container"
type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
description="User database that can be updated and saved"
factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" />
</GlobalNamingResources>
<Service name="Catalina">
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" />
<Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost" jvmRoute = "tomcat2">
<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster">
<Channel className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.GroupChannel">
<Membership className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.membership.McastService"
address="224.0.0.1"
port="45564"
frequency="500"
dropTime="3000"/>
<Receiver className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.NioReceiver"
address="auto"
port="4001"
autoBind="100"
selectorTimeout="5000"
maxThreads="6"/>
<Sender className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.ReplicationTransmitter">
<Transport className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.PooledParallelSender"/>
</Sender>
<Interceptor className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.TcpFailureDetector"/>
<Interceptor className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.MessageDispatch15Interceptor"/>
</Channel>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.ReplicationValve"
filter=""/>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteBinderValve"/>
<Deployer className="org.apache.catalina.ha.deploy.FarmWarDeployer"
tempDir="/tmp/war-temp/"
deployDir="/tmp/war-deploy/"
watchDir="/tmp/war-listen/"
watchEnabled="false"/>
<ClusterListener className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteSessionIDBinderListener"/>
<ClusterListener className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.ClusterSessionListener"/>
</Cluster>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true"
xmlValidation="false" xmlNamespaceAware="false">
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>
修改Tomcat2 server.xml 配置
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<Server port="18005" shutdown="SHUTDOWN">
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener" SSLEngine="on" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JasperListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
<!-- JMX Support for the Tomcat server. Documentation at /docs/non-existent.html -->
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.ServerLifecycleListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
<GlobalNamingResources>
<Resource name="UserDatabase" auth="Container"
type="org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
description="User database that can be updated and saved"
factory="org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
pathname="conf/tomcat-users.xml" />
</GlobalNamingResources>
<Service name="Catalina">
<Connector port="18080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" />
<Connector port="18009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />
<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost" jvmRoute = "tomcat1">
<Cluster className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster">
<Channel className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.GroupChannel">
<Membership className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.membership.McastService"
address="224.0.0.1"
port="45564"
frequency="500"
dropTime="3000"/>
<Receiver className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.NioReceiver"
address="auto"
port="4002"
autoBind="100"
selectorTimeout="5000"
maxThreads="6"/>
<Sender className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.ReplicationTransmitter">
<Transport className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.transport.nio.PooledParallelSender"/>
</Sender>
<Interceptor className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.TcpFailureDetector"/>
<Interceptor className="org.apache.catalina.tribes.group.interceptors.MessageDispatch15Interceptor"/>
</Channel>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.ReplicationValve"
filter=""/>
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteBinderValve"/>
<Deployer className="org.apache.catalina.ha.deploy.FarmWarDeployer"
tempDir="/tmp/war-temp/"
deployDir="/tmp/war-deploy/"
watchDir="/tmp/war-listen/"
watchEnabled="false"/>
<ClusterListener className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.JvmRouteSessionIDBinderListener"/>
<ClusterListener className="org.apache.catalina.ha.session.ClusterSessionListener"/>
</Cluster>
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true"
xmlValidation="false" xmlNamespaceAware="false">
</Host>
</Engine>
</Service>
</Server>
修改 xxxxxxx\tomcat\conf\web.xml
最后一行增加代码
<Context distributable="true" />
编写测试test.jsp代码
<html>
<head>
<title>tomcat集群测试</title>
</head>
<body>
<%
System.out.println("call test.jsp");
%>
SessionID: <%=session.getId() %>
</body>
</html>
运行Apache 、Tomcat1、Tomcat2
Apache
Tomcat1
Tomcat2
Tomcat1 Tomcat2 doc 窗口显示
启动Apache (apache配置域名:localhost:80)
统一入口访问:http://localhost/test/test.jsp
搭建过程中遇到的一些问题:
- 当Apache在非根目录下时可能出现如下错误:
1. httpd: Syntax error on line 35 of D:/Apache_Group/Apache22/conf/httpd.conf: ServerRoot must be a valid directory
解决方法:将httpd.conf 里的ServerRoot 替换成 Apache22解压的目录即可
- Apache 与 mod_jk.so文件版本不匹配问题
Cannot load D:/Apache_Group/Apache22/modules/mod_jk.so into server: %1 \xb2\xbb\xca\xc7\xd3\xd0\xd0\xa7\xb5\xc4 Win32 \xd3\xa6\xd3\xc3\xb3\xcc\xd0\xf2\xa1\xa3
解决方法:保持版本一致,位数一致
- 找不到SSLCertificateFile问题
AH00526: Syntax error on line 137 of D:/Apache_Group/Apache24/conf/extra/httpd-ahssl.conf:
SSLCertificateFile: file 'D:/Apache24/conf/ssl/server.crt' does not exist or is empty
解决办法:将httpd-ahssl.conf ${SRVROOT}全部替换成Apache根目录