简介
Handler主要用于是线程之间转换;通过其他线程发送消息,在目标线程消费消息,做到线程之间的切换;
消息机制主要组成部分:
Handler:发送和接受消息(Message);
MessageQueue:消息队列,将Handler发送的消息存在队列中(实际是单链表);
Looper:死循环,不断的从MessageQueue中取出要执行的消息,执行Handler的dispatchMessage()分发消息;
创建Handler对象
主线程
主线程中由于ActivityThread中已经初始化了;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
Looper.loop();
}
//方式一:
private Handler handler = new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
return true;
}
});
//方式二:
MyHandler myHandler = new MyHandler(this);
class MyHandler extends Handler {
private WeakReference<Activity> weakReference;
public MyHandler(Activity activity ) {
weakReference = new WeakReference<Activity>(activity);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
}
子线程中
class LooperThread extends Thread {
public Handler mHandler;
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
mHandler = new Handler() {
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// process incoming messages here
}
};
Looper.loop();
}
}
发送消息
无论send方法还是post方法最终都是调用enqueueMessage(),将当前消息message插入到MessageQueue中;
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
MessageQueue的enqueueMessage()方法,向MessageQueue中插入数据;MessageQueue中的消息队列其实就是一个单链表,链表中的节点以执行从小到大排序的(最先执行的放在链表头);链表头是成员变量mMessages;
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
synchronized (this) {
//当前Looper已经退出,则不再往队列中插入消息;
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
//当前链表头节点;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
//当前对列为空或者插入的消息的执行时间小于头结点的执行时间,将当前消息插入到头结点;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
//将当前节点插入队列中(非队列头);
} else {
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
//上一个节点
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
//找到第一个比当前消息的执行时间大的消息或者插入到队列尾;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
//插入到链表中
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
消费消息
Looper类的loop()死循环,不断的从MessageQueue中获取消息消费;
public static void loop() {
//1:得到当前线程的Looper对象
final Looper me = myLooper();
//必须要先调用Looper.prepare()
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
//2:从MessageQueue中获取消息;当MessageQueue中存在对应的消息时,返回对应的Message,否则阻塞,一直等待;
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
//消息为null,结束循环;
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
final long end;
try {
//3:消费消息,Handler类的dispatchMessage();
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
} finally {
}
}
}
1:myLooper()方法,每个线程都对应一个ThreadLocal类,线程私有对象,可以实现线程安全,以空间换时间;
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
2:主要看MessageQueue的next()方法,死循环,从MessageQueue中获取消息;只有找到了对应开始执行时间的消息或者主动退出了Looper.loop()方法才会结束死循环;
Message next() {
final long ptr = mPtr;
//如果当前Looper已经退出,ptr=0;直接返回null,Looper.loop()退出循环;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
//从队列头开始遍历
Message msg = mMessages;
//一般情况下msg.target不为null,从MessageQueue类的enqueueMessage()可以知道;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
//当前队列不为空
if (msg != null) {
//当前时间小于队列头消息的执行时间,得到消息执行的等待时间;
if (now < msg.when) {
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
//找到了消息,将当前消息从队列中移除,并将下一个消息设置为队列头;并且返回当前消息;
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {//否则队列为null;
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
//正在中断Looper.loop()方法
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
}
}
}
Looper类的loop()和MessageQueue的next()方法是最核心的地方;
3:Handler类的dispatchMessage()
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
//post()发送消息的回调
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
//直接创建Handle的对象,并且返回true;
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
//具体实现类的回调
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
- 注意
在退出线程前,调用quit(),quitSafely();
问题
- Handler和Looper以及MessageQueue的数量上对应关系?
在创建Handler对象模块在子线程创建Handler或者ActivityThread的Main()方法依次
Looper.prepare();
Looper.loop();
在Looper的prepare()方法中创建Looper对象,并且保存在ThreadLocal(线程私有空间中),并且一个线程只能初始化一个Looper对象,所以 Looper和MessageQueue是一一对应的关系,并且属于线程范畴类的变量即线程私有变量;一个线程中可以有任意个Handler
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
//创建MessageQueue;
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
- 一个线程中可以有N个Hander,那消息如何发送到对应的Handler处理呢?
主要看Looper的loop()方法在找到要处理的对应的Message之后,调用
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
进入Message类看到,保存有那个那个发送的对象Hander;
- Handler是如何切换线程的?
在了解Hander和Looper以及MessageQueue数量的对应关系之后,就很好理解了;
首先在主线程创建Looper,MessageQueue之后,创建Handler,在子线程通过Handler对象将Message发送到主线程的MessageQueue中;
然后通过Looper的loop()方法取出Message,调用Hander的回调,即实现了线程切换;
以上就是Handler消息机制的主要内容,如有问题,请多指教,谢谢!