06多表查询

#第6章多表查询
#1. 多表查询的正确方式：需要有连接条件

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees,departments
#两个表的连接条件
WHERE employees.`department_id` = departments.department_id;

#2. 如果查询语句中出现了多个表中都存在的字段，则必须指明此字段所在的表。
SELECT employees.employee_id,departments.department_name,employees.department_id
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.`department_id` = departments.department_id;

#建议：从sql优化的角度，建议多表查询时，每个字段前都指明其所在的表。

#3. 可以给表起别名，在SELECT和WHERE中使用表的别名。
SELECT emp.employee_id,dept.department_name,emp.department_id
FROM employees emp,departments dept
WHERE emp.`department_id` = dept.department_id;

#如果给表起了别名，一旦在SELECT或WHERE中使用表名的话，则必须使用表的别名，而不能再使用表的原名。
#如下的操作是错误的：
SELECT emp.employee_id,departments.department_name,emp.department_id
FROM employees emp,departments dept
WHERE emp.`department_id` = departments.department_id;

#4. 结论：如果有n个表实现多表的查询，则需要至少n-1个连接条件
#练习：查询员工的employee_id,last_name,department_name,city
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,d.department_name,l.city,e.department_id,l.location_id
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`;

#5. 多表查询的分类
/*

角度1：等值连接  vs  非等值连接

角度2：自连接  vs  非自连接

角度3：内连接  vs  外连接


*/

#5.1 等值连接 vs 非等值连接

#非等值连接的例子
SELECT *
FROM job_grades;

SELECT last_name,salary,grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades j
#WHERE e.`salary` BETWEEN j.`lowest_sal` AND j.`highest_sal`;
WHERE e.salary >= j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

#5.2 自连接 VS 非自连接
SELECT * FROM employees;

#自连接的例子
#练习：查询员工ID，员工姓名及其管理者的ID和姓名
SELECT emp.employee_id,emp.last_name,mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name
FROM employees emp,employees mgr
WHERE emp.`manager_id` = mgr.`employee_id`;

#5.3 内连接 vs外连接

#内连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行，结果里面不包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#外连接：合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行，结果里面除了包含一个表与另一个表匹配的行之外
#还包含了两个（或多个）表中不匹配的行

#外连接的分类：左外连接、右外连接、满外连接

#左外连接：两个表在连接过程中除了返回满足连接条件的行以外，还返回左表中不满足条件的行，这种连接称为左外连接
#右外连接：两个表在连接过程中除了返回满足连接条件的行以外，还返回右表中不满足条件的行，这中连接称为右外连接

#练习：查询所有员工的last_name,department_name信息
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id;

#SQL92语法实现内连接:见上个练习

#SQL92语法实现外连接：使用 +   -----------mysql不支持SQL92的写法，但是orcle支持
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id(+);
/*
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id(+)
> 1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ')' at line 3
> 时间: 0s
*/

#SQL99语法中使用JOIN...ON的方式实现多表查询。这种方式也能解决外连接的问题。

#SQL99语法实现内连接
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.employee_id = d.department_id;

SELECT last_name,department_name,city
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.employee_id = d.department_id
JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id = l.location_id;

#SQL99语法怎么实现外连接

#练习：查询所有员工的last_name,department_name信息
#左外连接：
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#右外连接
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#满外连接：MySQL不支持FULL OUTER JOIN语法
/*SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
/*

#合并查询结果
/*
利用UNION关键字，可以给出多条SELECT语句，并将它们的结果组合成单个结果集。
合并时，两个表对应的列数和数据类型必须相同，并且相互对应。
各个SELECT语句之间使用UNION或UNION ALL关键字分隔
*/


#UNION  和 UNION ALL 的使用
/*
UNION会执行去重的操作
UNION ALL不会执行去重的操作
结论：如果明确知道合并数据后的结果数据不存在重复数据，或者不需要重复的数据
则尽量使用UNION ALL语句，以提高数据查询的效率
*/

#中图：内连接
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#左上图：左外连接
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#右上图：右外连接
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#左中图：
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;


#右中图：
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;


#左下图：满外连接
#方式1：左上图UNION ALL 右中图
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
UNION
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

#方式2：左中图 UNION ALL 右上图
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

#右下图：左中图 UNION ALL 右中图
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;