ubuntu实用工具系列文章
操作系统实用工具系列文章,将介绍基于Linux ubuntu的各种工具软件的配置和使用。有些工具大家早已耳熟能详,有些工具经常用到但确依然陌生。我将记录我在使用操作系统时,安装及配置工具上面的一些方法,把使用心得记录下来也便于自己的以后查找和回忆。
关于作者
张丹(Conan), 程序员Java,R,PHP,Javascript
weibo:@Conan_Z
blog: http://blog.fens.me
email: bsspirit@gmail.com
转载请注明出处:
http://blog.fens.me/linux-upstart/
前言
对于使用linux的同学,敲大段的命令都已经是家长便饭了。但有些时候用命令也不是那么方便,比如启动一个后台程序, sh ./app &
执行启动命令很简单,如果想停止这个应用或者重启这个应用,就不是那么方便了。
如果能把应用封装成系统服务,那么就可以使用的 启动,重起,停止,状态检查等的标准方法了。应用会像一个守护程序一样,被操作系统所管理。
文章目录
- 初识upstart
- upstart任务文件的语法
- upstart命令
- upstart封装mytest
- 例子:upstart封装Nginx
- 例子:upstart封装MySQL
- 例子:upstart封装ssh
1. 初识upstart
说来惭愧,用了很多年的linux,也没有想法去怎么能优化一下应用启动。最近部署Nodejs应用时才发现,原来ubuntu有这么优雅的应用管理方式。
upstart可以用来代替/etc/init.d/的执行脚本,额外提供了一些特性,像速度,状态检查,简单定义任务等。
upstart两个核心点:事件(events),任务(jobs)
事件状态图
对状态的描述
- waiting : initial state.
- starting : job is about to start.
- pre-start : running pre-start section.
- spawned : about to run script or exec section.
- post-start : running post-start section.
- running : interim state set after post-start section processed denoting job is running (But it may have no associated PID!)
- pre-stop : running pre-stop section.
- stopping : interim state set after pre-stop section processed.
- killed : job is about to be stopped.
- post-stop : running post-stop section.
每个任务需要有一个配置文件,存放在/etc/init/目录下面。
~ vi /etc/init/mytest.conf
完成任务配置文件后,可以直接用initctl, start, stop 命令对任务进行启动,停止,查看状态 等的操作。
start mytest.conf
注:下面所有实例都以root权限进行操作
本文主要以实践为主。原理及更多细节介绍,请查看Upstart Cookbook:
http://upstart.ubuntu.com/cookbook/
2. upstart任务文件的语法
详细介绍: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/Stanzas
注:Stanzas的文档很多内容已经过期,建议参考cookbook或者man的使用帮助。
任务文件支持的语法关键字
Process Definition:exec, script, pre-start, post-start, pre-stop, post-stop,
Event Definition:start on, stop on, manual
Job Environment:env, export
Services, tasks and respawning:normal exit, respawn, respawn limit, task
Instances:instance
Documentation:description, author, version, emits, usage
Process environment:console none,console log, console output, console owner, nice, limit, chroot, chdir, oom score, setgid, setuid, umask
Process Control:expect fork, expect daemon, expect stop, kill signal, kill timeout
过期关键字:service, daemon, pid
部分语法关键字介绍:
exec : 执行命令,在script块中使用。
语法:exec /usr/bin/zip -v
script: 脚本块,包括主运行脚本
语法:
script
exec /usr/bin/zip /root/upstart.zip /root/upstart.txt
end script
pre-start: 脚本块,在主运行脚本之前执行的脚本
语法:
pre-start script
exec rm /root/upstart.txt
exec echo pre-start >> /root/upstart.txt
end script
post-start: 脚本块,在主运行脚本之后,running状态之前
语法:
post-start script
exec echo post-start >> /root/upstart.txt
end script
pre-stop: 脚本块,在执行stop之前
语法:
pre-stop script
exec echo pre-stop >> /root/upstart.txt
end script
post-stop: 脚本块,在主运行脚本被杀死之后
语法:
post-stop script
exec echo post-stop >> /root/upstart.txt
end script
start on: 事件,启动任务
语法:
start on startup
stop on: 事件,停止任务
语法:
stop on suhtdown
description: 描述,信息提示
语法:
description "This is a upstart testing."
author: 描述,作者信息
语法:
author "Conan_Z <bsspirit@gmail.com>"
version: 描述,版本信息
语法:
version "0.0.1 dev"
respawn: 命令,设置服务异常停止后自动重启
语法:
respawn
respawn limit: 命令,设置服务异常停止后重启次数及间隔时间
语法:
respawn limit 15 3
service: 命令,0.6版本后不再使用,被respawn取代
instance: 定义实例名字,可以通过命令给任务传参数
语法:
instance $TTY
exec /sbin/getty -8 38300 $TTY
#通过命令传参数
~ start mytest $TTY=tty1
daemon: 作为守护进程的标志,0.5.0版本后被expect fork取代
kill timeout: 命令,在到达指定时间后,停止应用
语法:
kill timeout 5
kill timeout: 命令,正常退出,不会被respawn重启
语法:
normal exit 0 TERM
console: 命令,控制后输出,支持4种操作logged|output|owner|none
语法:
console owner
env: 变量,设置任务的环境变量
语法:
env PIDFILE=/var/run/myprocess.pid
umask: 变量,设置任务的文件权限的掩码
语法:
umask 0755
nice: 变量,设置任务的调度优先级
语法:
nice -5
limit: 变量,设置任务的资源限制
语法:
limit nproc 10 10
chroot: 变量,设置任务的根目录
语法:
chroot /var/lib/www/jail
chdir: 变量,设置任务的工作目录
语法:
chdir /var/tmp
3. upstart命令介绍
查看upstart版本
~ initctl version
init (upstart 1.5)
查看mytest应用状态
#方法1
~ initctl list|grep mytest
#方法2
~ status mytest
启动mytest应用
#方法1:
~ initctl start mytest
#方法2
~ start mytest
停止mytest应用
#方法1:
~ initctl stop mytest
#方法2
~ stop mytest
4. upstart封装mytest
用upstart写一个简单的应用脚本。
~ vi /etc/init/mytest.conf
description "mytest"
author "bsspirit <http://blog.fens.me>"
env var=bar
export var
start on startup
stop on shutdown
respawn
respawn limit 2 5
console output
pre-start script
logger "pre-start: before: var=$var"
var=pre-start
export var
logger "pre-start: after: var=$var"
end script
post-start script
logger "post-start: before: var=$var"
var=post-start
export var
logger "post-start: after: var=$var"
end script
script
logger "script: before: var=$var"
var=main
export var
sleep 60000
logger "script: after: var=$var"
end script
post-stop script
logger "post-stop: before: var=$var"
var=post-stop
export var
logger "post-stop: after: var=$var"
end script
测试mytest程序:
启动mytest任务
~ start mytest
mytest start/running, process 20682
查看日志跟踪运行状态
~ tail -f /var/log/syslog
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: pre-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: pre-start: after: var=pre-start
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: script: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: post-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:11:21 li478-194 logger: post-start: after: var=post-start
查看mytest任务状态
~ status mytest
mytest start/running, process 20682
查看系统进程,因为在程序中用sleep停止,要通过sleep查询
~ ps -aux|grep sleep
root 20686 0.0 0.0 4304 352 ? S 08:11 0:00 sleep 60000
杀掉sleep进程,mytest自动重启
~ kill -9 20686
~ ps -aux|grep sleep
root 20703 0.0 0.0 4304 344 ? S 08:14 0:00 sleep 60000
~ /var/log/syslog
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-stop: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-stop: after: var=post-stop
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: pre-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: pre-start: after: var=pre-start
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: script: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-start: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:15:59 li478-194 logger: post-start: after: var=post-start
停止mytest
~ stop mytest
mytest stop/waiting
~ /var/log/syslog
Jun 21 08:16:49 li478-194 logger: post-stop: before: var=bar
Jun 21 08:16:49 li478-194 logger: post-stop: after: var=post-stop
~ ps -aux|grep sleep
通过命令传参数,启动mytest
~ start mytest var=conan
mytest start/running, process 20735
~ /var/log/syslog
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: pre-start: before: var=conan
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: pre-start: after: var=pre-start
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: script: before: var=conan
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: post-start: before: var=conan
Jun 21 08:18:51 li478-194 logger: post-start: after: var=post-start
不同参数,再次启动mytest
~ start mytest var=bsspirit
start: Job is already running: mytest
启动已经启动,禁止应用多次启动。
实验成功,我们可以很方便地利用upstart,来封装我们自己的应用成为系统服务。
下面将介绍同个软件使用upstart的例子。
5. upstart封装Nginx
Nginx官方配置:http://wiki.nginx.org/Upstart
增加配置文件
~ vi /etc/init/nginx
# nginx
description "nginx http daemon"
author "George Shammas <georgyo@gmail.com>"
start on (filesystem and net-device-up IFACE=lo)
stop on runlevel [!2345]
env DAEMON=/usr/sbin/nginx
env PID=/var/run/nginx.pid
expect fork
respawn
respawn limit 10 5
#oom never
pre-start script
$DAEMON -t
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then exit $?
fi
end script
exec $DAEMON
查看nginx的系统状态
~ initctl list | grep nginx
启动nginx
~ initctl start nginx
6. upstart封装MySQL
查看upstart配置文件,把MySQL变为系统服务.
~ vi /etc/init/mysql.conf
description "MySQL Server"
author "Mario Limonciello <superm1@ubuntu.com>"
start on runlevel [2345]
stop on starting rc RUNLEVEL=[016]
respawn
respawn limit 2 5
env HOME=/etc/mysql
umask 007
# The default of 5 seconds is too low for mysql which needs to flush buffers
kill timeout 300
pre-start script
#Sanity checks
[ -r $HOME/my.cnf ]
[ -d /var/run/mysqld ] || install -m 755 -o mysql -g root -d /var/run/mysqld
/lib/init/apparmor-profile-load usr.sbin.mysqld
LC_ALL=C BLOCKSIZE= df --portability /var/lib/mysql/. | tail -n 1 | awk '{ exit ($4<4096) }'
end script
exec /usr/sbin/mysqld
post-start script
for i in `seq 1 30` ; do
/usr/bin/mysqladmin --defaults-file="${HOME}"/debian.cnf ping && {
exec "${HOME}"/debian-start
# should not reach this line
exit 2
}
statusnow=`status`
if echo $statusnow | grep -q 'stop/' ; then
exit 0
elif echo $statusnow | grep -q 'respawn/' ; then
exit 1
fi
sleep 1
done
exit 1
end script
7. upstart封装ssh
~ vi /etc/init/ssh.conf
# ssh - OpenBSD Secure Shell server
#
# The OpenSSH server provides secure shell access to the system.
description "OpenSSH server"
start on filesystem or runlevel [2345]
stop on runlevel [!2345]
respawn
respawn limit 10 5
umask 022
# 'sshd -D' leaks stderr and confuses things in conjunction with 'console log'
console none
pre-start script
test -x /usr/sbin/sshd || { stop; exit 0; }
test -e /etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run && { stop; exit 0; }
test -c /dev/null || { stop; exit 0; }
mkdir -p -m0755 /var/run/sshd
end script
# if you used to set SSHD_OPTS in /etc/default/ssh, you can change the
# 'exec' line here instead
exec /usr/sbin/sshd -D
我在这里介绍的内容还很初级,只要会写任务脚步就可以了。
后面文章我会介绍upstart封装nodejs,mongodb,php,java等的应用的任务脚本。