Solidity学习记录——第五章

Solidity学习记录

第一章 创建生产僵尸的工厂
第二章 设置僵尸的攻击功能
第三章 编写DAPP所需的基础理论
第四章 完善僵尸功能
第五章 ERC721 标准和加密资产

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前言

这应该是Solidity学习记录的最后一章，这五章内容足够应对学生上课的需要，不需要发布的程序用这些知识编程足以。如果需要发布软件，还需要有前端知识HTML, JavaScript以及 JQuery 等来写网站。有需要的可以自学，这里不做详细叙述了。

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一、本章主要目的

作为Solidity知识的最后一章，这章主要介绍了代币, ERC721 标准, 以及加密资产，预防溢出等增强程序安全性的操作。

二、学习过程

1.本节课程知识点

1、一个 代币 在以太坊基本上就是一个遵循一些共同规则的智能合约——即它实现了所有其他代币合约共享的一组标准函数。在智能合约内部，通常有一个映射，mapping(address => uint256) balances，用于追踪每个地址还有多少余额。所以基本上一个代币只是一个追踪谁拥有多少该代币的合约，和一些可以让那些用户将他们的代币转移到其他地址的函数。

2、代币标准这里介绍两种：ERC20 代币和ERC721 代币。主要区别：ERC20 代币可以分割，可以发给对方0.025以太（类似于数字支付，可以支付小数）；ERC721 代币是不能互换的，因为每个代币都被认为是唯一且不可分割的，只能以整个单位交易它们，并且每个单位都有唯一的 ID（类似于纸币，不能撕碎了交易——撕毁人民币违法——只能整张使用）。

3、由于所有 ERC20 代币共享具有相同名称的同一组函数，它们都可以以相同的方式进行交互。这意味着如果你构建的应用程序能够与一个 ERC20 代币进行交互，那么它就也能够与任何 ERC20 代币进行交互。
（当交易所添加一个新的 ERC20 代币时，实际上它只需要添加与之对话的另一个智能合约。 用户可以让那个合约将代币发送到交易所的钱包地址，然后交易所可以让合约在用户要求取款时将代币发送回给他们。）

4、ERC721 标准：

contract ERC721 {
  event Transfer(address indexed _from, address indexed _to, uint256 _tokenId);
  event Approval(address indexed _owner, address indexed _approved, uint256 _tokenId);

  function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 _balance);
  function ownerOf(uint256 _tokenId) public view returns (address _owner);
  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) public;
  function approve(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) public;
  function takeOwnership(uint256 _tokenId) public;
}

（ERC721目前是一个草稿，还没有正式商定的实现。在本教程中，我们使用的是 OpenZeppelin 库中的当前版本，但在未来正式发布之前它可能会有更改。 所以把这 一个可能的实现当作考虑，但不要把它作为 ERC721 代币的官方标准。）

5、在Solidity中使用多重继承的时候，你只需要用逗号 , 来隔开几个你想要继承的合约，例如：
contract ZombieOwnership is ZombieAttack, ERC721｛｝。

6、我们正在用 ERC721 代币标准，意味着其他合约将期望我们的合约以这些确切的名称来定义函数。这就是这些标准实用的原因——如果另一个合约知道我们的合约符合 ERC721 标准，它可以直接与我们交互，而无需了解任何关于我们内部如何实现的细节。

7、ERC721 规范有两种不同的方法来转移代币：

function transfer(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) public;

function approve(address _to, uint256 _tokenId) public;
function takeOwnership(uint256 _tokenId) public;

第一种方法是代币的拥有者调用transfer 方法，传入他想转移到的 address 和他想转移的代币的 _tokenId。

第二种方法是代币拥有者首先调用 approve，然后传入与以上相同的参数。接着，该合约会存储谁被允许提取代币，通常存储到一个 mapping (uint256 => address) 里。然后，当有人调用 takeOwnership 时，合约会检查 msg.sender 是否得到拥有者的批准来提取代币，如果是，则将代币转移给他。
（一种情况是代币的发送者调用函数；另一种情况是代币的接收者调用它。）

8、合约安全增强: 预防溢出和下溢：
为了防止这些情况，OpenZeppelin 建立了一个叫做 SafeMath 的 库(library)，默认情况下可以防止这些问题。一个库是 Solidity 中一种特殊的合约。其中一个有用的功能是给原始数据类型增加一些方法。SafeMath 库有四个方法 — add， sub， mul， 以及 div。现在我们可以这样来让 uint256 调用这些方法：

using SafeMath for uint256;

uint256 a = 5;
uint256 b = a.add(3); // 5 + 3 = 8
uint256 c = a.mul(2); // 5 * 2 = 10

9、SafeMath 的部分代码：

library SafeMath {

  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
    uint256 c = a * b;
    assert(c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return c;
  }

  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    uint256 c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

首先我们有了 library 关键字 — 库和 合约很相似，但是又有一些不同。 就我们的目的而言，库允许我们使用 using 关键字，它可以自动把库的所有方法添加给一个数据类型：

using SafeMath for uint;
// 这下我们可以为任何 uint 调用这些方法了
uint test = 2;
test = test.mul(3); // test 等于 6 了
test = test.add(5); // test 等于 11 了

（注意 mul 和 add 其实都需要两个参数。 在我们声明了 using SafeMath for uint 后，我们用来调用这些方法的 uint 就自动被作为第一个参数传递进去了(在此例中就是 test)。）

10、为了防止溢出和下溢，我们可以在我们的代码里找 +， -， *， 或 /，然后替换为 add, sub, mul, div.
将

myUint++;

改为

myUint = myUint.add(1);

2.最终代码

代码如下：

erc721.sol

//this is erc721.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

contract ERC721 {
  event Transfer(address indexed _from, address indexed _to, uint256 indexed _tokenId);
  event Approval(address indexed _owner, address indexed _approved, uint256 indexed _tokenId);

  function balanceOf(address _owner) external view returns (uint256);
  function ownerOf(uint256 _tokenId) external view returns (address);
  function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _tokenId) external payable;
  function approve(address _approved, uint256 _tokenId) external payable;
}

safemath.sol

//this is safemath.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
 */
library SafeMath {

  /**
  * @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
    uint256 c = a * b;
    assert(c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
  */
  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return c;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
  */
  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
  */
  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    uint256 c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

/**
 * @title SafeMath32
 * @dev SafeMath library implemented for uint32
 */
library SafeMath32 {

  function mul(uint32 a, uint32 b) internal pure returns (uint32) {
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
    uint32 c = a * b;
    assert(c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  function div(uint32 a, uint32 b) internal pure returns (uint32) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    uint32 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return c;
  }

  function sub(uint32 a, uint32 b) internal pure returns (uint32) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  function add(uint32 a, uint32 b) internal pure returns (uint32) {
    uint32 c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

/**
 * @title SafeMath16
 * @dev SafeMath library implemented for uint16
 */
library SafeMath16 {

  function mul(uint16 a, uint16 b) internal pure returns (uint16) {
    if (a == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
    uint16 c = a * b;
    assert(c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  function div(uint16 a, uint16 b) internal pure returns (uint16) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    uint16 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return c;
  }

  function sub(uint16 a, uint16 b) internal pure returns (uint16) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  function add(uint16 a, uint16 b) internal pure returns (uint16) {
    uint16 c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

ownable.sol

//this is ownable.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

/**
* @title Ownable
* @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
* functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
*/
contract Ownable {
  address private _owner;

  event OwnershipTransferred(
    address indexed previousOwner,
    address indexed newOwner
  );

  /**
  * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
  * account.
  */
  constructor() internal {
    _owner = msg.sender;
    emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), _owner);
  }

  /**
  * @return the address of the owner.
  */
  function owner() public view returns(address) {
    return _owner;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
  */
  modifier onlyOwner() {
    require(isOwner());
    _;
  }

  /**
  * @return true if `msg.sender` is the owner of the contract.
  */
  function isOwner() public view returns(bool) {
    return msg.sender == _owner;
  }

  /**
  * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
  * @notice Renouncing to ownership will leave the contract without an owner.
  * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
  * modifier anymore.
  */
  function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
    emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
    _owner = address(0);
  }

  /**
  * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
  * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
  */
  function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
    _transferOwnership(newOwner);
  }

  /**
  * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
  * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
  */
  function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
    require(newOwner != address(0));
    emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
    _owner = newOwner;
  }
}

zombiefactory.sol

//this is zombiefactory.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

import "./ownable.sol";
import "./safemath.sol";

contract ZombieFactory is Ownable {

  using SafeMath for uint256;
  using SafeMath32 for uint32;
  using SafeMath16 for uint16;

  event NewZombie(uint zombieId, string name, uint dna);

  uint dnaDigits = 16;
  uint dnaModulus = 10 ** dnaDigits;
  uint cooldownTime = 1 days;

  struct Zombie {
    string name;
    uint dna;
    uint32 level;
    uint32 readyTime;
    uint16 winCount;
    uint16 lossCount;
  }

  Zombie[] public zombies;

  mapping (uint => address) public zombieToOwner;
  mapping (address => uint) ownerZombieCount;

  function _createZombie(string _name, uint _dna) internal {
    uint id = zombies.push(Zombie(_name, _dna, 1, uint32(now + cooldownTime), 0, 0)) - 1;
    zombieToOwner[id] = msg.sender;
    ownerZombieCount[msg.sender] = ownerZombieCount[msg.sender].add(1);
    emit NewZombie(id, _name, _dna);
  }

  function _generateRandomDna(string _str) private view returns (uint) {
    uint rand = uint(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_str)));
    return rand % dnaModulus;
  }

  function createRandomZombie(string _name) public {
    require(ownerZombieCount[msg.sender] == 0);
    uint randDna = _generateRandomDna(_name);
    randDna = randDna - randDna % 100;
    _createZombie(_name, randDna);
  }

}

zombiefeeding.sol

//this is zombiefeeding.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

import "./zombiefactory.sol";

contract KittyInterface {
  function getKitty(uint256 _id) external view returns (
    bool isGestating,
    bool isReady,
    uint256 cooldownIndex,
    uint256 nextActionAt,
    uint256 siringWithId,
    uint256 birthTime,
    uint256 matronId,
    uint256 sireId,
    uint256 generation,
    uint256 genes
  );
}

contract ZombieFeeding is ZombieFactory {

  KittyInterface kittyContract;

  modifier onlyOwnerOf(uint _zombieId) {
    require(msg.sender == zombieToOwner[_zombieId]);
    _;
  }

  function setKittyContractAddress(address _address) external onlyOwner {
    kittyContract = KittyInterface(_address);
  }

  function _triggerCooldown(Zombie storage _zombie) internal {
    _zombie.readyTime = uint32(now + cooldownTime);
  }

  function _isReady(Zombie storage _zombie) internal view returns (bool) {
      return (_zombie.readyTime <= now);
  }

  function feedAndMultiply(uint _zombieId, uint _targetDna, string _species) internal onlyOwnerOf(_zombieId) {
    Zombie storage myZombie = zombies[_zombieId];
    require(_isReady(myZombie));
    _targetDna = _targetDna % dnaModulus;
    uint newDna = (myZombie.dna + _targetDna) / 2;
    if (keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_species)) == keccak256(abi.encodePacked("kitty"))) {
      newDna = newDna - newDna % 100 + 99;
    }
    _createZombie("NoName", newDna);
    _triggerCooldown(myZombie);
  }

  function feedOnKitty(uint _zombieId, uint _kittyId) public {
    uint kittyDna;
    (,,,,,,,,,kittyDna) = kittyContract.getKitty(_kittyId);
    feedAndMultiply(_zombieId, kittyDna, "kitty");
  }
}

zombiehelper.sol

//this is zombiehelper.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

import "./zombiefeeding.sol";

contract ZombieHelper is ZombieFeeding {

  uint levelUpFee = 0.001 ether;

  modifier aboveLevel(uint _level, uint _zombieId) {
    require(zombies[_zombieId].level >= _level);
    _;
  }

  function withdraw() external onlyOwner {
    address _owner = owner();
    _owner.transfer(address(this).balance);
  }

  function setLevelUpFee(uint _fee) external onlyOwner {
    levelUpFee = _fee;
  }

  function levelUp(uint _zombieId) external payable {
    require(msg.value == levelUpFee);
    zombies[_zombieId].level = zombies[_zombieId].level.add(1);
  }

  function changeName(uint _zombieId, string _newName) external aboveLevel(2, _zombieId) onlyOwnerOf(_zombieId) {
    zombies[_zombieId].name = _newName;
  }

  function changeDna(uint _zombieId, uint _newDna) external aboveLevel(20, _zombieId) onlyOwnerOf(_zombieId) {
    zombies[_zombieId].dna = _newDna;
  }

  function getZombiesByOwner(address _owner) external view returns(uint[]) {
    uint[] memory result = new uint[](ownerZombieCount[_owner]);
    uint counter = 0;
    for (uint i = 0; i < zombies.length; i++) {
      if (zombieToOwner[i] == _owner) {
        result[counter] = i;
        counter++;
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

}

zombieattack.sol

//this is zombieattack.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

import "./zombiehelper.sol";

contract ZombieAttack is ZombieHelper {
  uint randNonce = 0;
  uint attackVictoryProbability = 70;

  function randMod(uint _modulus) internal returns(uint) {
    randNonce = randNonce.add(1);
    return uint(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(now, msg.sender, randNonce))) % _modulus;
  }

  function attack(uint _zombieId, uint _targetId) external onlyOwnerOf(_zombieId) {
    Zombie storage myZombie = zombies[_zombieId];
    Zombie storage enemyZombie = zombies[_targetId];
    uint rand = randMod(100);
    if (rand <= attackVictoryProbability) {
      myZombie.winCount = myZombie.winCount.add(1);
      myZombie.level = myZombie.level.add(1);
      enemyZombie.lossCount = enemyZombie.lossCount.add(1);
      feedAndMultiply(_zombieId, enemyZombie.dna, "zombie");
    } else {
      myZombie.lossCount = myZombie.lossCount.add(1);
      enemyZombie.winCount = enemyZombie.winCount.add(1);
      _triggerCooldown(myZombie);
    }
  }
}

zombieownership.sol

//this is zombieownership.sol

pragma solidity ^0.4.19;

import "./zombieattack.sol";
import "./erc721.sol";
import "./safemath.sol";

contract ZombieOwnership is ZombieAttack, ERC721 {

  using SafeMath for uint256;

  mapping (uint => address) zombieApprovals;

  function balanceOf(address _owner) external view returns (uint256) {
    return ownerZombieCount[_owner];
  }

  function ownerOf(uint256 _tokenId) external view returns (address) {
    return zombieToOwner[_tokenId];
  }

  function _transfer(address _from, address _to, uint256 _tokenId) private {
    ownerZombieCount[_to] = ownerZombieCount[_to].add(1);
    ownerZombieCount[msg.sender] = ownerZombieCount[msg.sender].sub(1);
    zombieToOwner[_tokenId] = _to;
    emit Transfer(_from, _to, _tokenId);
  }

  function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _tokenId) external payable {
      require (zombieToOwner[_tokenId] == msg.sender || zombieApprovals[_tokenId] == msg.sender);
      _transfer(_from, _to, _tokenId);
    }

  function approve(address _approved, uint256 _tokenId) external payable onlyOwnerOf(_tokenId) {
      zombieApprovals[_tokenId] = _approved;
      emit Approval(msg.sender, _approved, _tokenId);
    }

}

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总结

本章知识点只有两个，一个是代币标准，一个是代码安全的预防溢出，这里就不做过多总结了。在文章最后，希望我的这个学习记录可以帮到需要的人。