Python中根据约定,首字母大写的名称指的是类。参数self必不可少且必须位于其他形参的前面。因为python调用__init__()方法创建Dog实例时,将自动传入实参self。它是一个指向实例本身的引用,让实例能够访问类中的属性和方法。
例1
#创建dog类,
class Dog():
def __init__(self,name,age): #__init__()下划线是双份的......
"""初始化属性name和age"""
self.name = name #以self为前缀的变量都可供类中的所有方法使用
self.age = age
def sit(self):
"""模拟被命令时蹲下"""
print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")
#根据类创建实例
my_dog = Dog('willie',6)
print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title() +".")
print("My dog is " + str(my_dog.age) + " yesrs old.")
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()
例2
#使用类和实例
#car类
class Car():
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0 #给属性一个默认的值
def get_descriptive_name(self):
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it")
#增加修改odometer的方法
def update_odometer(self,mileage):
if mileage > self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:
print("You can't roll back an odometer")
my_new_car = Car('audi','a4','2020')
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()
#直接修改属性的值
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 60
my_new_car.read_odometer()
#通过方法修改属性的值
my_new_car.update_odometer(80)
my_new_car.read_odometer()
继承
一个类继承另一个类的时候,它将自动获取另一个类的所有属性和方法,原有类称为父类,新的类称为子类。
例1
#电动汽车类,ElectricCar类继承Car类
class ElectricCar(Car): #定义子类时,括号内必须包含父类的名称
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
super(). __init__(make,model,year) #super()是一个特殊的函数,将父类和子类关联起来
self.battery_size = 70
def describe_battery(self):
print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla','model s','2020')
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.describe_battery()
#将实例用作属性
class Battery():
def __init__(self,battery_size=70):
self.battery_size = battery_size
def describe_battery(self):
print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.")
class ElectircCar2(Car):
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
super().__init__(make,model,year)
self.battery = Battery()
my_tesla2 = ElectircCar2('tesla','model s','2020')
print(my_tesla2.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla2.battery.describe_battery()