bash中单引号和双引号的坑

假如有以下环境

a=apple      # 一个变量
arr=(apple)  # 一个只有一个元素的数组

然后使用echo来打印第二列的表达式，然后会出现第三列的结果，原因是第四列

#	表达式	结果	原因
1	"$a"	apple	在""之间的变量会被替换为变量的值，因为$表示一个变量
2	'$a'	$a	在‘’之间的变量不会被替换为变量的值
3	"'$a'"	'apple'	""中如果包含了'' ，那么‘’会失去他的作用，没有任何意义，只是单纯的符号,但是变量依然会被替换成值。
4	'"$a"'	"$a"	''中如果包含了"" ，那么""会失去他的作用，没有任何意义，只是单纯的符号。
5	'\''	invalid	can not escape a ' within ''; use "'" or $'\'' (ANSI-C quoting)
6	"red$arocks"	red	$arocks does not expand $a; use ${a}rocks to preserve $a
7	"redapple$"	redapple$	$ followed by no variable name evaluates to $
8	'\"'	\"	\ has no special meaning inside ''
9	"\'"	\'	shell程序认为，\' 在 "" 之中没有意义所以不会被转义
10	"\""	"	\" is interpreted inside ""
11	"*"	*	glob does not work inside "" or ''
12	"\t\n"	\t\n	\t and \n have no special meaning inside "" or ''; use ANSI-C quoting
13	"`echo hi`"	hi	`` and $() are evaluated inside "" (backquotes are retained in actual output)
14	'`echo hi`'	echo hi	`` and $() are not evaluated inside '' (backquotes are retained in actual output)
15	'${arr[0]}'	${arr[0]}	array access not possible inside ''
16	"${arr[0]}"	apple	array access works inside ""
17	$'$a\''	$a'	single quotes can be escaped inside ANSI-C quoting
18	"$'\t'"	$'\t'	ANSI-C quoting is not interpreted inside ""
19	'!cmd'	!cmd	history expansion character '!' is ignored inside ''
20	"!cmd"	cmd args	expands to the most recent command matching "cmd"
21	$'!cmd'	!cmd	history expansion character '!' is ignored inside ANSI-C quotes

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来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6697753/difference-between-single-and-double-quotes-in-bash