2007 Nobel in Economics: Designing Better Markets

Thu, 18 Oct 2007
This is the VOA Special English Economics Report. 
Many things perform effectively but not efficiently. To be efficient means to produce a desired effect with as little waste as possible. 
经济报道――2007年经济学诺贝尔奖：设计更佳市场。
2007年10月18日
这是VOA特别英语的经济报道。
许多事物行得通，但并不高效。高效即产生所需要的效果，并产生尽可能少的废物。
How can markets be designed to make them more efficient? This is a question that the three winners of this year's Nobel Prize in economics have tried to answer. They established mechanism design theory. 
It began with work by Leonid Hurwicz of the University of Minnesota in nineteen sixty. Eric Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and Roger Myerson of the University of Chicago further developed it. 
市场如何设计，以便更高效？这是本年度经济学诺贝尔将三位获奖者试图解决的问题，他们建立了机制设计理论。
最早由1960年明尼苏达大学的Leonid Hurwicz率先着手；新泽西州普林斯顿的高级研究所的Eric Maskin和芝加哥大学的Roger Myerson进行了进一步的完善。
The three Americans will share the award worth about one and a half million dollars. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the winners this week. 
In everyday life, there are many things that get in the way of efficient markets. There may not be true competition. Buyers and sellers may keep some information private from each other. Also, the production and use of goods may result in outcomes like pollution or social costs.
三位美国人将共享价值大约为150万美元的资金；瑞典皇家科学院本周宣布获奖者。
在日常生活中，有许多阻碍高效市场的事物；也未必有真正的竞争。买方和卖方各自保留各自的某些信息。另外，货物的生产与使用也可产生诸如污染或社会成本的后果。
Mechanism design theory permits economists to identify situations where markets work well and where they do not. For example, it shows why an auction is generally the most efficient way to sell many kinds of goods. 
In fact, experts say the theory explains why a version called a double auction is often the best way to trade. In a double auction, buyers and sellers both make price bids.
机理设计理论使经常学家确定市场运作良好的情况以及市场运作不良的情况。例如，它可以展示，拍卖在一般情况下卖出最多物品的最高效途径。
事实上，专家们说，该理论的解释是称之为双向拍卖通常是最佳交易方式。在双向拍卖中，买方和卖方共同竞价。
The Swedish academy says the theory also explains why there is often no good market solution to providing some goods, like uncrowded roads.
Mechanism design theory is part of the wider economic idea of game theory and it has many uses -- including in political science. 
瑞典皇家科学院说，该理论也可解释为什么通常在提供某些产品时，并无良好的市场解决方案，比如顺畅的道路。
机理设计理论是博弈论中更广泛经济理论的一部分 , 它可以用在许多方面 , 包括政治学。 
Roger Myerson even built a mathematical model for elections. He found a voting system that he says would have helped Florida avoid its problems in the two thousand presidential election. 
The Nobel Prize award ceremonies will take place on December tenth. The official name of the economics award is the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Swedish central bank created the prize in nineteen sixty-eight. 
Roger Myerson甚至还建立了一个选举的数学模型。他发现了一个投票系统 , 他说，这个系统有助于佛罗里达避免2000年总统选举出现的问题。
诺贝尔颁奖仪式将在12月10日举行。经常学奖的官方名称是纪念阿尔弗雷德.诺贝尔而设立的经济科学瑞典中央银行奖，它是瑞典中央银行于 1968 年设立的。
Leo Hurwicz was born in Russia in nineteen seventeen. He developed new ways to understand markets. He began his work after World War Two. At ninety years old, he is the oldest person ever to win a Nobel Prize. 
And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Bob Doughty. 
Leo Hurwicz 1917 年出生于俄罗斯，他提出了理解市场的新途径。他二战后开始研究。他今年 90 岁，是至今诺贝尔奖年纪最大的获奖者。
这是Mario Ritter编写的、VOA特别英语经济报道。我是Bob Doughty。