tensorflow的安装和求解泊松方程

tensorflow安装(windows系统中的anaconda)

1：点击anaconda prompt，进入以后键入命令

conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/

2：键入命令

conda config --set show_channel_urls yes

3：创建环境（注意如果只想在base环境安装tensorflow可能不成功，因此又需要创建一个环境）
conda create -n py35 python=3.5
4：conda activate py35进入环境，键入命令

conda install tensorflow

到此就在py35环境中安装好了tensorflow，不过这个版本还需要自己去解决
上面这个tensorflow版本太低了，许多库都用不了，可以重新安装一个最新版本的tensorflow，这里用的是3.8版本的python，因此需要删除原来的虚拟环境：使用命令conda remove -n py35 -all
重新安装tensorflow
配置好虚拟环境以后，直接pip install tensorflow
就会自动安装最新版本。

此代码是本人两年前写的，那时候代码功底很差，所以代码有一些bug以及求解泊松方程的效果也不太好，读者有兴趣可以自己尝试修改代码以提高数值精度

code1

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
tf.compat.v1.disable_eager_execution()
import time
tic = time.time()

h1 = 0.1
h2 = 0.05
M = int(1/h1) + 1
N = int(1/h2) + 1

x_train = np.linspace(0,1,M)
y_train = np.linspace(0,1,N)

matr = np.zeros([M,N,2])#将所有网格点存储在矩阵matrix上，每一行代表一个网格点的坐标
for i in range(M):
    for j in range(N):
        matr[i,j,0] = x_train[i]
        matr[i,j,1] = y_train[j]
ma = matr.reshape(-1,2)
print(ma.shape)
ma_in = matr[1:-1,1:-1].reshape(-1,2)#将所有网格点存储在矩阵matrix上，每一行代表一个网格点的坐标
print(ma_in.shape)
ma_b = np.concatenate([matr[0],matr[-1],matr[:,0][1:-1],matr[:,-1][1:-1]],0)
print(ma_b.shape)
def f(x,y):#微分方程的右边函数f
    return - (2*np.pi**2)*np.exp(np.pi*(x + y))*np.sin(np.pi*(x + y))
def u_accuracy(x,y):
    return np.exp(np.pi*(x + y))*np.sin(np.pi*x)*np.sin(np.pi*y)
def u_boundary(x,y):
    return 0*x*y

right_in = f(ma_in[:,0],ma_in[:,1]).reshape(-1,1)
right_b = u_boundary(ma_b[:,0],ma_b[:,1]).reshape(-1,1)
print(right_in.shape,right_b.shape)

ma_min = np.array([[0,0]])
ma_max = np.array([[1,1]])


np.random.seed(1234)
tf.compat.v1.set_random_seed(1234)
#定义tensorflow框架
prob_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32)
x_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,2])
x_in_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,2])
x_b_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,2])

right_in_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,1])
right_b_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,1])
x_min_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [1,2])
x_max_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [1,2])
layers = [2,10,10,1]


H = 2*(x_tf - x_min_tf)/(x_max_tf - x_min_tf + 1e-7) - 1
H_in = 2*(x_in_tf - x_min_tf)/(x_max_tf - x_min_tf + 1e-7) - 1
H_b = 2*(x_b_tf - x_min_tf)/(x_max_tf - x_min_tf + 1e-7) - 1
#定义权重和偏置
def w_init(in_dim,out_dim):
    w_std = np.sqrt(2/(in_dim + out_dim))
    return tf.Variable(tf.random.truncated_normal([in_dim, out_dim], stddev = w_std), dtype=tf.float32)

weights = []
biases = []
num_layers = len(layers)
for i in range(0,num_layers - 1):
    w = w_init(in_dim = layers[i],out_dim = layers[i + 1])
    b = tf.Variable(tf.random.truncated_normal([1,layers[i + 1]], dtype = tf.float32), dtype=tf.float32)
    weights.append(w)
    biases.append(b)
#输出近似解
num_layers = len(weights)#比layers长度少1
for i in range(0,num_layers - 1):
    w = weights[i]
    b = biases[i]
    E = tf.eye(tf.shape(w)[0],tf.shape(w)[1]) 
    tf.nn.dropout(w,rate = prob_tf)
    H_in = tf.tanh(tf.add(tf.matmul(H_in,w), b)) + tf.matmul(H_in,E)
    H_b = tf.tanh(tf.add(tf.matmul(H_b,w), b)) + tf.matmul(H_b,E)
    H = tf.tanh(tf.add(tf.matmul(H,w), b)) + tf.matmul(H,E)
W = weights[-1]
b = biases[-1]
u_in = tf.add(tf.matmul(H_in,W),b)
u_b = tf.add(tf.matmul(H_b,W),b)
u = tf.add(tf.matmul(H,W),b)
#定义损失函数
u_x = tf.gradients(u_in,x_in_tf)[0][:,0]
u_y = tf.gradients(u_in,x_in_tf)[0][:,1]
u_xx = tf.gradients(u_x,x_in_tf)[0][:,0]
u_yy = tf.gradients(u_y,x_in_tf)[0][:,1]

loss_in = 0.5*tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(u_x) + tf.square(u_y) - 2*u_in*right_in_tf)
#loss_in = 0.5*tf.reduce_mean((-u_xx - u_yy - 2*right_in_tf)*u_in)
loss_b = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(u_b - right_b_tf))
belta = 5e3
loss = tf.add(loss_in,belta*loss_b)
#初始化



def plot_curve(data):#用于损失函数训练过程的可视化
    fig = plt.figure(num = 1,figsize = (4,3),dpi = None,facecolor = None,edgecolor = None,frameon = True)#编号，宽和高，分辨率，背景颜色，边框颜色，是否显示边框
    plt.plot(range(len(data)),data,color = 'blue')
    plt.legend(['value'],loc = 'upper right')
    plt.xlabel('x')
    plt.ylabel('y')
    plt.show()

lr = 5*1e-3
optim = tf.compat.v1.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate = lr)
trainer = optim.minimize(loss)
sess = tf.compat.v1.Session()
init =  tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
train_loss = []

step = []
error = []
train_step = 6000
for i in range(train_step):
    batch = 19
    st = i*batch%len(ma_in)
    end = st+ batch
    feed = {prob_tf:0.5,x_tf:ma,x_in_tf:ma_in[st:end],x_b_tf:ma_b,right_in_tf:right_in[st:end],right_b_tf:right_b,x_min_tf:ma_min,x_max_tf:ma_max}
    
    sess.run(trainer,feed_dict = feed)
    if i%600 == 0:
        print('train_step = {},loss = {}'.format(i,sess.run(loss,feed_dict = feed)))
        train_loss.append(sess.run(loss,feed_dict = feed))
        feed_val = {x_tf:ma,x_in_tf:ma_in,x_b_tf:ma_b,right_in_tf:right_in,right_b_tf:right_b,x_min_tf:ma_min,x_max_tf:ma_max}
        u_pred = sess.run(u,feed_dict = feed_val).reshape(M,N)
        x,y = np.meshgrid(x_train,y_train)
        error_square = ((u_pred - u_accuracy(x,y).T)**2).sum()/(u_accuracy(x,y)**2 + 1e-7).sum()
        error_step = np.sqrt(error_square)
        error.append(error_step)
        step.append(i)
        print(error_step)
        
        
toc = time.time()
plot_curve(train_loss)
print(toc - tic)

feed = {prob_tf:0.5,x_tf:ma,x_in_tf:ma_in,x_b_tf:ma_b,right_in_tf:right_in,right_b_tf:right_b,x_min_tf:ma_min,x_max_tf:ma_max}
u_pred = sess.run(u,feed_dict = feed).reshape(M,N)
print(type(u_pred),u_pred.shape)
x,y = np.meshgrid(x_train,y_train)
print(type(u_accuracy(x,y)),u_accuracy(x,y).shape)
error_square = ((u_pred - u_accuracy(x,y).T)**2).sum()/(u_accuracy(x,y)**2 + 1e-7).sum()
error = np.sqrt(error_square)
print(error)
plt.subplot(2,1,1)
x,y = np.meshgrid(x_train,y_train)
plt.contourf(x,y,u_accuracy(x,y),40,cmap = 'Blues')
plt.colorbar()
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.title('accuracy solution')
plt.subplot(2,1,2)
x,y = np.meshgrid(x_train,y_train)
plt.contourf(x,y,u_pred.T,40,cmap = 'Blues')
plt.colorbar()
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.title('numerical solution')

code2

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time
np.random.seed(1234)
tf.compat.v1.set_random_seed(1234)
tf.compat.v1.disable_eager_execution()

def f(x,y):#微分方程的右边函数f
    return - (2*np.pi**2)*np.exp(np.pi*(x + y))*np.sin(np.pi*(x + y))
def u_accuracy(x,y):#定义精确解
    return np.exp(np.pi*(x + y))*np.sin(np.pi*x)*np.sin(np.pi*y)
def u_boundary(x,y):#定义边界函数
    return 0*x*y
#定义内部点
class INSET():#定义训练集，包含区域内部点
    def __init__(self):
        self.dim = 2
        self.xa,self.xb,self.ya,self.yb = 0,1,0,1
        self.area = (self.xb - self.xa)*(self.yb - self.ya)
        self.nx,self.ny = 20,30
        self.hx = (self.xb - self.xa)/self.nx
        self.hy = (self.yb - self.ya)/self.ny
        self.size = self.nx*self.ny
        self.X = np.zeros([self.size,self.dim])
        for i in range(self.nx):
            for j in range(self.ny):
                self.X[i*self.ny + j,0] = self.xa + (i + 0.5)*self.hx
                self.X[i*self.ny + j,1] = self.ya + (j + 0.5)*self.hy
        self.u_acc = u_accuracy(self.X[:,0],self.X[:,1]).reshape(-1,1)#内部点精确解
        self.right = f(self.X[:,0],self.X[:,1]).reshape(-1,1)#针对内部点的右边项
 #定义边界点       
class BDSET():#定义训练集，包含区域边界点
    def __init__(self):
        self.dim = 2
        self.xa,self.xb,self.ya,self.yb = 0,1,0,1
        self.area = (self.xb - self.xa)*(self.yb - self.ya)
        self.length = 2*((self.xb - self.xa) + (self.yb - self.ya))
        self.nx,self.ny = 20,30
        self.hx = (self.xb - self.xa)/self.nx
        self.hy = (self.yb - self.ya)/self.ny
        self.size = 2*(self.nx + self.ny)
        self.X = np.zeros([self.size,self.dim])
        for i in range(self.nx):
            for j in range(self.ny):
                self.X[i,0] = self.xa + (i + 0.5)*self.hx
                self.X[i,1] = self.ya
                self.X[self.nx + j,0] = self.xb
                self.X[self.nx + j,1] = self.ya + (j + 0.5)*self.hy
                self.X[self.nx + self.ny + i,0] = self.xb - self.xa - (i + 0.5)*self.hx
                self.X[self.nx + self.ny + i,1] = self.yb
                self.X[2*self.nx + self.ny + j,0] = self.xa
                self.X[2*self.nx + self.ny + j,1] = self.yb - self.ya - (j + 0.5)*self.hy
        self.u_acc = u_boundary(self.X[:,0],self.X[:,1]).reshape(-1,1)#边界点精确解
#定义测试集
class TESET():#定义测试集
    def __init__(self):
        self.dim = 2
        self.xa,self.xb,self.ya,self.yb = 0,1,0,1
        self.hx = 0.1
        self.hy = 0.05
        self.nx = int((self.xb - self.xa)/self.hx) + 1
        self.ny = int((self.yb - self.ya)/self.hx) + 1
        self.size = self.nx*self.ny
        self.X = np.zeros([self.size,self.dim])
        for j in range(self.ny):
            for i in range(self.nx):
                self.X[j*self.nx + i,0] = self.xa + i*self.hx
                self.X[j*self.nx + i,1] = self.ya + j*self.hy
        self.u_acc = u_accuracy(self.X[:,0],self.X[:,1]).reshape(-1,1)#精确解

class NN:
    def __init__(self,inset,bdset,layers,belta):
        self.inset = inset#准备传入训练集内部点
        self.bdset = bdset#准备传入训练集边界点
        self.datamin = np.array([[inset.xa,inset.ya]])
        self.datamax = np.array([[inset.xb,inset.yb]])
       
        self.layers = layers#准备传入神经元层
        
        self.inset_x_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,2])#准备传入训练集内部点
        self.bdset_x_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,2])#准备传入训练集边界点
        self.right_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,1])#准备传入训练集内部点右边项
        self.ub_tf = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,1])#准备传入训练集边界点函数值
        self.min = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,2])#准备数据集两个轴的下限
        self.max = tf.compat.v1.placeholder(tf.float32,shape = [None,2])#准备数据集两个轴的上线限
        self.feed = {self.inset_x_tf:inset.X,self.bdset_x_tf:bdset.X,
                     self.right_tf:inset.right,self.ub_tf:bdset.u_acc,
                     self.min:self.datamin,self.max:self.datamax}#准备喂数据集
        self.Hin = 2*(self.inset_x_tf - self.min)/(self.max - self.min) - 1#正规化处理
        self.Hbd = 2*(self.bdset_x_tf - self.min)/(self.max - self.min) - 1#正规化处理
        self.weights,self.biases = self.NNinit()#通过函数NNinit完成权重，偏置初始化
        self.u_in = self.NNU(self.Hin)#通过函数NNU完成计算，也就是训练集内部点的近似值
        self.u_b = self.NNU(self.Hbd)#通过函数NNU完成计算，也就是训练集边界点的近似值
       
        self.ux,self.uy = self.u_grad(self.inset_x_tf)#通过u_grad得到训练集内部点的一阶偏导数
        self.loss_in = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(self.ux) + tf.square(self.uy)) -\
        tf.reduce_mean(2*self.u_in*self.right_tf)#通过极小位能原理得到的针对内部点的损失函数
        self.loss_b = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(self.u_b - self.ub_tf))#针对边界点的损失函数
        self.loss = self.loss_in + belta*self.loss_b#总的损失函数
        
        self.optim = tf.compat.v1.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate = 5e-3)#准备优化器
        self.minimizer = self.optim.minimize(self.loss)
        '''
        config=tf.compat.v1.ConfigProto(allow_soft_placement=True,
                                       log_device_placement=True)
        self.sess = tf.compat.v1.Session(config)
        '''
        self.sess = tf.compat.v1.Session()#创建会话
        init =  tf.compat.v1.global_variables_initializer()#初始化变量
        self.sess.run(init)
        
    def w_init(self,in_dim,out_dim):#初始化权重
        w_std = np.sqrt(2/(in_dim + out_dim))
        return tf.Variable(tf.random.truncated_normal([in_dim, out_dim], stddev = w_std), dtype=tf.float32)
    def NNinit(self):#初始化权重，偏置
        weights = []
        biases = []
        num = len(self.layers)
        for i in range(0,num - 1):
            w = self.w_init(in_dim = self.layers[i],out_dim = self.layers[i + 1])
            b = tf.Variable(tf.random.truncated_normal([1,self.layers[i + 1]], dtype = tf.float32), dtype=tf.float32)
            weights.append(w)
            biases.append(b)
        return weights,biases
    def NNU(self,Input):#计算神经网络输出
        Input = tf.cast(Input,tf.float32)
        weights,biases = self.NNinit()
        num = len(weights)
        for i in range(0,num - 1):
            w,b = weights[i],biases[i]
            Input = tf.tanh(tf.add(tf.matmul(Input,w),b))
        W,B = weights[-1],biases[-1]
        return tf.add(tf.matmul(Input,W),B)
    def u_grad(self,Input):#计算梯度
        Input = tf.cast(Input,tf.float32)
        u = self.NNU(Input)
        ux = tf.gradients(u,Input)[0][:,0:1]
        uy = tf.gradients(u,Input)[0][:,1:2] 
        return ux,uy
    def ERROR(self):#定义训练集精确解和近似解的误差
        fenzi_in = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(self.u_in - self.inset.u_acc))
        fenzi_b = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(self.u_b - self.bdset.u_acc))
        fenmu_in = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(self.u_in))
        fenmu_b = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(self.u_b))
        fenzi = fenzi_in + fenzi_b
        fenmu = fenmu_in + fenmu_b
        return tf.sqrt(fenzi/fenmu)
    
    def train(self,step):#定义训练过程
        print('train the neural network')
        st_time = time.time() 
        LOSS = self.sess.run(self.loss,feed_dict = self.feed)
        loss_best = LOSS
        weights_best = self.sess.run(self.weights)
        biases_best = self.sess.run(self.biases)
        record = 400
        for j in range(step):
            self.sess.run(self.minimizer,feed_dict = self.feed)#优化过程
            if j%record == 0:
                error = self.sess.run(self.ERROR(),feed_dict = self.feed)
                LOSS = self.sess.run(self.loss,feed_dict = self.feed)
                print('train step:%d,loss:%.2f,error:%.2f'
                      %(j,LOSS,error))#打印损失函数，训练集误差
                
                if LOSS < loss_best:
                    loss_best = LOSS
                    weights_best = self.sess.run(self.weights)#准备保存最优权重
                    biases_best = self.sess.run(self.biases)#准备保存最优偏置
                
        epo_time = time.time() - st_time
        print('one epoch used:%.2f'%(epo_time))
        print('------------------------------------------------')
       
    def trainbatch(self,step):#尝试使用batch输入以提高精度，减少时间
        print('train the neural network')
        st_time = time.time() 
        batch = self.inset.nx
        LOSS = self.sess.run(self.loss,feed_dict = self.feed)
        loss_best = LOSS
        weights_best = self.sess.run(self.weights)
        biases_best = self.sess.run(self.biases)
        record = 100
        for j in range(step):
            x = i*batch%len(self.inset.X)
            y = x + batch
            feed = {self.inset_x_tf:inset.X[x:y],self.bdset_x_tf:bdset.X,
                    self.right_tf:inset.right[x:y],self.ub_tf:bdset.u_acc,
                    self.min:datamin,self.max:datamax}
            self.sess.run(self.minimizer,feed_dict = feed)
            if j%record == 0:
                error = self.sess.run(self.ERROR(),feed_dict = self.feed)
                LOSS = self.sess.run(self.loss,feed_dict = self.feed)
                print('train step:%d,loss:%.2f,error:%.2f'
                      %(j,LOSS,error))
                '''
                if LOSS < loss_best:
                    loss_best = LOSS
                    weights_best = self.sess.run(self.weights)
                    biases_best = self.sess.run(self.biases)
                '''
        epo_time = time.time() - st_time
        print('one epoch used:%.2f'%(epo_time))
        print('------------------------------------------------')
       
inset = INSET()
bdset = BDSET()
teset = TESET()
layers = [2,20,10,1]
belta = 5e3
#datamin = np.array([[teset.xa,teset.ya]])
#datamax = np.array([[teset.xb,teset.yb]])
ne = NN(inset,bdset,layers,belta)#对类进行实例化
epochs = 3
st = time.time()
for i in range(epochs):#开始训练
    print('epochs:%d'%(i))
    #ne.trainbatch(500)
    ne.train(2000)
ed = time.time()
print('all used time:%.2f'%(ed - st))

#预测函数近似值和误差
feed = {ne.inset_x_tf:teset.X,ne.min:ne.datamin,ne.max:ne.datamax}
u_pred = ne.sess.run(ne.u_in,feed_dict = feed)#利用类NN中的u_in来计算测试集上的近似值
u_acc = np.array(teset.u_acc,dtype = np.float32)#拿出测试集中精确解
def LERROR(u_pred,u_acc):
    fenzi = np.square(u_pred - u_acc).sum()
    fenmu = (np.square(u_acc) + 1e-7).sum()
    return np.sqrt(fenzi/fenmu)

print('the test error:%.3f'%(LERROR(u_pred,u_acc)))#打印测试上的误差

M = teset.nx
N = teset.ny

x_train = np.linspace(teset.xa,teset.xb,M)
y_train = np.linspace(teset.ya,teset.yb,N)

x,y = np.meshgrid(x_train,y_train)
plt.contourf(x,y,u_pred.reshape(M,N).T,40,cmap = 'Blues')#画出图像
plt.colorbar()
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.title('numerical solution')