贝叶斯模型比较

(学习这部分内容大约需要2.7小时)

摘要

贝叶斯模型比较框架基于计算边际似然大小来比较概率模型, 或者比较积分掉所有参数后, 模型生成给定数据的概率. 模型参数的marginalization实现了一种"奥卡姆剃刀"效应. 边际似然也可以被用于使用贝叶斯规则计算模型后验.

预备知识

这个概念需要以下预备知识:

  • 贝叶斯参数估计: 大多数的贝叶斯模型比较也需要用到贝叶斯参数估计
  • 贝叶斯规则: 贝叶斯规则用于从先验和似然计算后验

学习目标

  • 知道模型的边际似然是什么
  • 根据贝叶斯因子诱导边际似然
  • 理解"贝叶斯奥卡姆剃刀"效应的基础(提示: 这并不仅仅是给带更多参数的模型赋予比较低的先验概率, 虽然很多人是这么认为的)
  • 对于简单的模型推导贝叶斯因子(比如, beta-Bernoulli模型)

核心资源

(阅读/观看其中之一)

免费

  • Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms
    简介: 一本机器学习和信息论的研究生教材
    Section 28.1, "Occam's razor," pages 343-349
    Section 28.2, "Example," pages 349-351
    [网站]
    作者: David MacKay

付费

  • Machine Learning: a Probabilistic Perspective(MLAPP)
    简介: 一本非常全面的研究生机器学习教材
    位置: Section 5.3, pages 155-165
    [网站]
    作者: Kevin P. Murphy

增补资源

(下面的内容是可选的, 但你可能发现它们很有用)

付费

  • Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning(PRML)
    简介: 一本研究生机器学习教材, 专注贝叶斯方法
    位置: Section 3.4, pages 161-165
    [简介]
    作者: Christopher M. Bishop

相关概念

  • 从贝叶斯的角度来说, 对多个模型进行平均会优于选择一个模型. 这便是贝叶斯模型平均Bayesian model averaging ).
  • 一些估计贝叶斯因子的一般方法包括:
    • sequential Monte Carlo
    • Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
    • 变分贝叶斯(variational Bayes)

返回贝叶斯机器学习路线图

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Bayesian model selection is a fundamental part of the Bayesian statistical modeling process. In principle, the Bayesian analysis is straightforward. Specifying the data sampling and prior distributions, a joint probability distribution is used to express the relationships between all the unknowns and the data information. Bayesian inference is implemented based on the posterior distribution, the conditional probability distribution of the unknowns given the data information. The results from the Bayesian posterior inference are then used for the decision making, forecasting, stochastic structure explorations and many other problems. However, the quality of these solutions usually depends on the quality of the constructed Bayesian models. This crucial issue has been realized by researchers and practitioners. Therefore, the Bayesian model selection problems have been extensively investigated. The Bayesian inference on a statistical model was previously complex. It is now possible to implement the various types of the Bayesian inference thanks to advances in computing technology and the use of new sampling methods, including Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Such developments together with the availability of statistical software have facilitated a rapid growth in the utilization of Bayesian statistical modeling through the computer simulations. Nonetheless, model selection is central to all Bayesian statistical modeling. There is a growing need for evaluating the Bayesian models constructed by the simulation methods.

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