ArrayList
java中的数组,在创建的时候需要指定数组的长度。一旦创建后,数组的大小就固定了,不能够再变化。
但实际开发过程中,经常需要根据保存对象数量的增加扩大范围。ArrayList 就是数组可调整大小的实现,它允许添加所有元素,也就是说,可以往数组里面添加 null 元素。
properties
先看看所有属性:
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* Default initial capacity.
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
*/
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* Shared empty array instance used for default sized empty instances. We
* distinguish this from EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA to know how much to inflate when
* first element is added.
*/
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
* empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
* will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
*/
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
/**
* The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
*
* @serial
*/
private int size;
}
可以看到,在JDK8当中,数组的默认初始化容量是10:
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
而且它有两个空数组实例。
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
它们都是空数组,区别在于,往里面添加第一个元素的时候,DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 会以默认的初始化容量初始化elementData的大小,而EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 会以给定的容量初始化大小,是这样子吗?我们看看代码。
Constractor ArrayList()
/**
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
*/
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
可以看到,初始化的时候,就只是把一个static类型的空数组分给elementData.并没有分配大小。它的大小是0.
public static void main(String args[]) {
List list = new ArrayList();
System.out.println(list.size());
}
输出内容:
0
Process finished with exit code 0
Constractor ArrayList(int initialCapacity)
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
可以看到,一旦给定了初始化容量的大小,就会根据给定的值创建对应长度的Object数组。
可以写一个测试类测试一下。
public static void main(String args[]) {
ArrayList arrayList2 = new ArrayList(20);
System.out.println("ArrayList.size() == " + arrayList2.size());
arrayList2.add(null);
arrayList2.add(null);
arrayList2.add(null);
arrayList2.add(null);
System.out.println("ArrayList.size() == " + arrayList2.size());
}
可以看到输出内容是:
ArrayList.size() == 0
ArrayList.size() == 4
Process finished with exit code 0
用一个给定的值构造ArrayList时。会根据这个值初始化ArrayList的成员变量。 this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; 这个时候它的size没有任何变化,还是0. 但是添加一个元素的时候。add方法会对size进行加一操作。代码: elementData[size++] = e;
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
可以看一下ArrayList的容量扩充机制。比如现在的size是20. 添加一个元素后,他的最小容量是21. 也就是minCapacity的值是21.如果这个时候 elementData是DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA空数组。就取minCapacity和DEFAULT_CAPACITY的最大值。然后再拿这个值和当前elementData的长度比较,如果确实要增加,新的容量,是原来的容量,向右位移一位后的值加上原来的值。大致上就是以0.5倍的大小进行增长。int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); 如果容量超过了最大值:MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8; 就取最大的值MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE。MAX_VALUE 的最大值是 0x7fffffff;
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
通过数组下标访问元素
可以看到,根据index获取元素的时候,会先检查index的范围,index必须小于size.否则抛IndexOutOfBoundsException。 然后根据index 直接访问elementData的元素。
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
/**
* Checks if the given index is in range. If not, throws an appropriate
* runtime exception. This method does *not* check if the index is
* negative: It is always used immediately prior to an array access,
* which throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative.
*/
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E elementData(int index) {
return (E) elementData[index];
}
equals(Object o)方法
判断逻辑是:
- 先判断是否是同一个对象 o == this. 如果是true,就返回true.
- 判断给的对象是不是 List 的实例,如果不是,就返回false.
- 获取 this 和给定对象的迭代器 listIterator(). 同时遍历,判断相同的位置上,所包含的元素是否相等。用 equals方法判断。
- 在判断长度是不是相等,如果不等,返回false.如果相等,就返回true.
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (!(o instanceof List))
return false;
ListIterator<E> e1 = listIterator();
ListIterator<?> e2 = ((List<?>) o).listIterator();
while (e1.hasNext() && e2.hasNext()) {
E o1 = e1.next();
Object o2 = e2.next();
if (!(o1==null ? o2==null : o1.equals(o2)))
return false;
}
return !(e1.hasNext() || e2.hasNext());
}
hashCode() 方法
ArrayList的hashCode()方法逻辑:
- 初始化hashCode的值为1
- 遍历包含的每一个元素,将当前hashCode的值乘以31. 加上下一个元素的hashCode值.下一个元素为null,那么它的hashCode值为0.
/**
* Returns the hash code value for this list.
*
* <p>This implementation uses exactly the code that is used to define the
* list hash function in the documentation for the {@link List#hashCode}
* method.
*
* @return the hash code value for this list
*/
public int hashCode() {
int hashCode = 1;
for (E e : this)
hashCode = 31*hashCode + (e==null ? 0 : e.hashCode());
return hashCode;
}
漂亮的移除中间片段
加入一个数组,只取中间一段,它的实现方法是:
- 用 listIterator(fromIndex) 找到开始的地方。
- 跳过要保留的长度。
- 遍历剩下的元素,先移到下一个位置,再移除上一个位置的元素。
/**
* Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
* {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
* Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
* This call shortens the list by {@code (toIndex - fromIndex)} elements.
* (If {@code toIndex==fromIndex}, this operation has no effect.)
*
* <p>This method is called by the {@code clear} operation on this list
* and its subLists. Overriding this method to take advantage of
* the internals of the list implementation can <i>substantially</i>
* improve the performance of the {@code clear} operation on this list
* and its subLists.
*
* <p>This implementation gets a list iterator positioned before
* {@code fromIndex}, and repeatedly calls {@code ListIterator.next}
* followed by {@code ListIterator.remove} until the entire range has
* been removed. <b>Note: if {@code ListIterator.remove} requires linear
* time, this implementation requires quadratic time.</b>
*
* @param fromIndex index of first element to be removed
* @param toIndex index after last element to be removed
*/
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
ListIterator<E> it = listIterator(fromIndex);
for (int i=0, n=toIndex-fromIndex; i<n; i++) {
it.next();
it.remove();
}
}