关于 zfs(1M) 和 zpool(1M)。 如何使用? 有什么作用?
参考 http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/hubs/multilingual/simp_chinese/content/zfs_overview.jsp
做一个Outline的练习.
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关于cache buffer chains, 参考下面内容
http://www.itpub.net/thread-396687-1-1.html
http://blog.csdn.net/you_tube/archive/2010/07/07/5719502.aspx
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看来对于内存还有更细节的地方需要了解。
存储术语SAN - (Storage Area Network)
$ man iostat
Reformatting page. Please Wait... done
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
NAME
iostat - report I/O statistics
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/iostat [-cCdDeEiImMnpPrstxXYz] [-l n] [-T u | d]
[disk]... [interval [count]]
DESCRIPTION
The iostat utility iteratively reports terminal, disk, and
tape I/O activity, as well as CPU utilization. The first
line of output is for all time since boot; each subsequent
line is for the prior interval only.
To compute this information, the kernel maintains a number
of counters. For each disk, the kernel counts reads, writes,
bytes read, and bytes written. The kernel also takes hi-res
time stamps at queue entry and exit points, which allows it
to keep track of the residence time and cumulative
residence-length product for each queue. Using these values,
iostat produces highly accurate measures of throughput,
utilization, queue lengths, transaction rates and service
time. For terminals collectively, the kernel simply counts
the number of input and output characters.
During execution of the kernel status command, the state of
the system can change. If relevant, a state change message
is included in the iostat output, in one of the following
forms:
<<device added: sd0>>
<<device removed: sd0>>
<<partition added: sd0,a>>
<<partition removed: sd0,a>>
<<NFS mounted: nfs1>>
<<NFS unmounted: nfs1>>
<<multi-path added: ssd4>>
<<multi-path removed: ssd4>>
<<controller added: c1>>
<<controller removed: c1>>
<<processors added: 1, 3>>
<<processors removed: 1, 3>>
Note that the names printed in these state change messages
are affected by the -n and -m options as appropriate.
For more general system statistics, use sar(1), sar(1M), or
vmstat(1M).
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 1
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
Output
The output of the iostat utility includes the following
information.
device name of the disk
r/s reads per second
w/s writes per second
kr/s kilobytes read per second
The average I/O size during the interval can be
computed from kr/s divided by r/s.
kw/s kilobytes written per second
The average I/O size during the interval can be
computed from kw/s divided by w/s.
wait average number of transactions waiting for service
(queue length)
This is the number of I/O operations held in the
device driver queue waiting for acceptance by the
device.
actv average number of transactions actively being ser-
viced (removed from the queue but not yet com-
pleted)
This is the number of I/O operations accepted, but
not yet serviced, by the device.
svc_t average response time of transactions, in mil-
liseconds
The svc_t output reports the overall response
time, rather than the service time, of a device.
The overall time includes the time that transac-
tions are in queue and the time that transactions
are being serviced. The time spent in queue is
shown with the -x option in the wsvc_t output
column. The time spent servicing transactions is
the true service time. Service time is also shown
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 2
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
with the -x option and appears in the asvc_t out-
put column of the same report.
%w percent of time there are transactions waiting for
service (queue non-empty)
%b percent of time the disk is busy (transactions in
progress)
wsvc_t average service time in wait queue, in mil-
liseconds
asvc_t average service time of active transactions, in
milliseconds
wt the I/O wait time is no longer calculated as a
percentage of CPU time, and this statistic will
always return zero.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-c Report the percentage of time the system has
spent in user mode, in system mode, waiting for
I/O, and idling. See the NOTES section for more
information.
-C When the -x option is also selected, report
extended disk statistics aggregated by con-
troller id.
-d For each disk, report the number of kilobytes
transferred per second, the number of transfers
per second, and the average service time in mil-
liseconds.
-D For each disk, report the reads per second,
writes per second, and percentage disk utiliza-
tion.
-e Display device error summary statistics. The
total errors, hard errors, soft errors, and
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 3
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
transport errors are displayed.
-E Display all device error statistics.
-i In -E output, display the Device ID instead of
the Serial No. The Device Id is a unique iden-
tifier registered by a driver through
ddi_devid_register(9F).
-I Report the counts in each interval, rather than
rates (where applicable).
-l n Limit the number of disks included in the report
to n; the disk limit defaults to 4 for -d and
-D, and unlimited for -x. Note: disks explicitly
requested (see disk below) are not subject to
this disk limit.
-m Report file system mount points. This option is
most useful if the -P or -p option is also
specified or used in conjunction with -Xn or
-en. The -m option is useful only if the mount
point is actually listed in the output. This
option can only be used in conjunction with the
-n option.
-M Display data throughput in MB/sec instead of
KB/sec.
-n Display names in descriptive format. For exam-
ple, cXtYdZ, rmt/N, server:/export/path.
By default, disks are identified by instance
names such as ssd23 or md301. Combining the -n
option with the -x option causes disk names to
display in the cXtYdZsN format which is more
easily associated with physical hardware charac-
teristics. The cXtYdZsN format is particularly
useful in FibreChannel (FC) environments where
the FC World Wide Name appears in the t field.
-p For each disk, report per-partition statistics
in addition to per-device statistics.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 4
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
-P For each disk, report per-partition statistics
only, no per-device statistics.
-r Display data in a comma-separated format.
-s Suppress messages related to state changes.
-t Report the number of characters read and written
to terminals per second.
-T u | d Display a time stamp.
Specify u for a printed representation of the
internal representation of time. See time(2).
Specify d for standard date format. See
ctime(3C).
-x Report extended disk statistics. By default,
disks are identified by instance names such as
ssd23 or md301. Combining the x option with the
-n option causes disk names to display in the
cXtYdZsN format, more easily associated with
physical hardware characteristics. Using the
cXtYdZsN format is particularly helpful in the
FibreChannel environments where the FC World
Wide Name appears in the t field.
If no output display is requested (no -x, -e,
-E), -x is implied.
-Y For disks under scsi_vhci(7D) control, in addi-
tion to disk lun statistics, also report statis-
tics for lun.targetport and
lun.targetport.controller.
In -n (descriptive) mode the targetport is shown
in using the target-port property of the path.
Without -n the targetport is shown using the
shorter port-id. All target ports with the same
target-port property value share the same port-
id. The target-port-to-port-id association does
not persist across reboot.
If no output display is requested (no -x, -e,
-E), -x is implied.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 5
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
-z Do not print lines whose underlying data values
are all zeros.
The option set -xcnCXTdz interval is particularly useful for
determining whether disk I/O problems exist and for identi-
fying problems.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
count Display only count reports.
disk Explicitly specify the disks to be reported; in
addition to any explicit disks, any active disks
up to the disk limit (see -l above) will also be
reported.
interval Report once each interval seconds.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Using iostat to Generate User and System Operation
Statistics
The following command displays two reports of extended dev-
ice statistics, aggregated by controller id, for user (us)
and system (sy) operations. Because the -n option is used
with the -x option, devices are identified by controller
names.
example% iostat -xcnCXTdz 5
Mon Nov 24 14:58:36 2003
cpu
us sy wt id
14 31 0 20
extended device statistics
r/s w/s kr/s kw wait actv wsvc_t asvc_t %w %b device
3.8 29.9 145.8 44.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 6.4 0 5 c0
666.3 814.8 12577.6 17591.1 91.3 82.3 61.6 55.6 0 2 c12
180.0 234.6 4401.1 5712.6 0.0 147.7 0.0 356.3 0 98 d10
Mon Nov 24 14:58:41 2003
cpu
us sy wt id
11 31 0 22
extended device statistics
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 6
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
r/s w/s kr/s kw wait actv wsvc_t asvc_t %w %b device
0.8 41.0 5.2 20.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.4 0 6 c0
565.3 581.7 8573.2 10458.9 0.0 26.6 0.0 23.2 0 3 c12
106.5 81.3 3393.2 1948.6 0.0 5.7 0.0 30.1 0 99 d10
Example 2 Using iostat to Generate TTY Statistics
The following command displays two reports on the activity
of five disks in different modes of operation. Because the
-x option is used, disks are identified by instance names.
example% iostat -x tc 5 2
extended device statistics tty cpu
device r/s w/s kr/s kw/s wait actv svc_t %w %b tin tout us sy wt id
sd0 0.4 0.3 10.4 8.0 0.0 0.0 36.9 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 99
sd1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 35.0 0 0
sd6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
nfs1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
nfs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 35.6 0 0
extended device statistics tty cpu
device r/s w/s kr/s kw/s wait actv svc_t %w %b tin tout us sy wt id
sd0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 155 0 0 0 100
sd1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
sd6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
nfs1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
nfs2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Example 3 Using iostat to Generate Partition and Device
Statistics
The following command generates partition and device statis-
tics for each disk. Because the -n option is used with the
-x option, disks are identified by controller names.
example% iostat -xnp
extended device statistics
r/s w/s kr/s kw/s wait actv wsvc_t asvc_t %w %b device
0.4 0.3 10.4 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.9 0 1 c0t0d0
0.3 0.3 9.0 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.2 0 1 c0t0d0s0
0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.0 0 0 c0t0d0s1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 35.0 0 0 fuji:/export/home/user3
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 7
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
Example 4 Show Translation from Instance Name to Descriptive
Name
The following example illustrates the use of iostat to
translate a specific instance name to a descriptive name.
example% iostat -xn sd1
extended device statistics
r/s w/s kr/s kw/s wait actv wsvc_t asvc_t %w %b device
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 c8t1d0
Example 5 Show Target Port and Controller Activity for a
Specific Disk
In the following example, there are four controllers, all
connected to the same target port.
# iostat -Y ssd22
extended device statistics
device r/s w/s kr/s kw/s wait actv svc_t %w %b
ssd22 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0 0
ssd22.t2 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
ssd22.t2.fp0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
ssd22.t2.fp1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
ssd22.t2.fp2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
ssd22.t2.fp3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | See below. |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
Invocation is evolving. Human readable output is unstable.
SEE ALSO
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 8
System Administration Commands iostat(1M)
sar(1), sar(1M), mpstat(1M), vmstat(1M), time(2), ctime(3C),
attributes(5), scsi_vhci(7D)
NOTES
The sum of CPU utilization might vary slightly from 100
because of rounding errors in the production of a percentage
figure.
The svc_t response time is not particularly significant when
the I/0 (r/s+w/s) rates are under 0.5 per second. Harmless
spikes are fairly normal in such cases.
The mpstat utility reports the same wt, usr, and sys statis-
tics. See mpstat(1M) for more information.
When executed in a zone and if the pools facility is active,
iostat(1M) will only provide information for those proces-
sors in the processor set of the pool to which the zone is
bound.
SunOS 5.10 Last change: 1 Nov 2006 9
一个同事写的批量停启数据库的脚本, 可了解
所有脚本都放在一个目录，以root用户权限执行。
可以将shutdown immediate 改为shutdown abort ,以免某些库一直停不下来。
ASM的实例要自己停。
{pwd_to_inf} 是停库时保存的数据库信息文件的路径
{pwd_to_stop_shell} 是脚本db_stop.ksh的路径
{pwd_to_start_shell} 是脚本db_start.ksh的路径
二，批量停db
1.db_stop.ksh
------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/ksh
typeset prof_name
ps -ef|grep 'pmon'|grep ${LOGNAME} | grep -v grep |awk '{print($1,$9)}'|while read ORA_USR ORA_PMON
do
prof_name=`ls prof*${ORA_PMON##*_}`
if [[ -a ${prof_name} ]]
then
. ./prof*${ORA_PMON##*_}
fi
sqlplus '/as sysdba' <<!
shutdown immediate
exit
!
lsnrctl stop ${ORACLE_SID}
done
2.db_stop_mian.ksh ${pwd_to_inf} ${pwd_to_stop_shell}
------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/ksh
typeset file_inf=`pwd`//$1
typeset file_run=`pwd`//$2
ps -ef|grep 'pmon'|grep -v 'grep'|sort > ${file_inf}
awk '{printf("%s %s/n",$1,$9)}' ${file_inf} |while read ORA_USR ORA_PMON
do
su - ${ORA_USR} -c "ksh ${file_run}" # add path to file
done
三，批量启db
1.db_start.ksh
------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/ksh
typeset file_inf=$1
typeset prof_name
for ORA_PMON in `grep ${LOGNAME} ${file_inf} | awk '{print $9 }'`
do
prof_name=`ls prof*${ORA_PMON##*_}`
if [[ -a ${prof_name} ]]
then
. ./prof*${ORA_PMON##*_}
fi
sqlplus '/ as sysdba'<<!
startup
exit
!
lsnrctl start ${ORACLE_SID}
done
2.db_start_main.ksh ${pwd_to_inf} ${pwd_to_start_shell}
------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/ksh
typeset file_inf=`pwd`//$1
typeset file_run=`pwd`//$2
awk '{printf("%s/n",$1)}' ${file_inf} |while read ORA_USR
do
su - ${ORA_USR} -c "ksh ${file_run} ${file_inf}"
done
在linux中如何确定 当前使用的什么SHELL
To determine the default shell for the oracle user, enter the following command:
$ echo $SHELL
注意在solaris 中环境变量的设置命令用法有些不一样, 如下:
■ Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:
$ ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home1
$ export ORACLE_HOME
■ C or tcsh shell:
% setenv ORACLE_HOME oracle_home1
而直接使用export ORACLE_HOME=oracle_home1 的方法好像不行。
使用ps –ef 来查看那进程的信息, 很有用, 比如今天用它来查看oracle 安装在哪个目录,通过查看lsnrctl的command路径
理解一点 listener 的动态注册,只会注册到端口号为1521的默认listener
-----------------------
关于在PL/SQL developer工具中直接使用数据库连接串登录,而不用去修改tnsnames.ora的问题
今天遇到了一个很郁闷的问题,大概花了1小时的时间来处理, 由于终端机上没有修改tnsnames.ora文件的权限(我也不想取改)。我想可以直接输入PL/SQL 的登录数据库中填入连接串就可以了,但试了好久都不行, 最后的原因是必须 使用 括号 把连接串括起来, 例如:
(description =(address = (PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=10.25.18.33)(PORT=1541))(connect_data = (sid = opmsdev)) )
最外面必须要有一个括号,要注意这个连接串用tnsping 可能试ping 不同的,但是使用PL/SQL developer 登录是没有问题的.
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